The biological approach

• Who conducted the classic evidence study related to brain differences in murderers?

  Raine
• What methodology did Raine use in his study?

  He used PET scans
• How many murderers were in Raine's experimental group?

  32 murderers
• What was the mean age of the murderers in Raine's study?

  34.3 years
• Where were the murderers referred to for the study?

  University of California
• What were some reasons for referral of the murderers?

  Schizophrenia, head injury, substance abuse
• How many murderers had a history of schizophrenia?

  6 murderers
• How was the control group matched in Raine's study?

  By sex and age
• What was the mean age of the control group in Raine's study?

  31.7 years
• What was the health screening process for the control group?

  Physical exam, medical history, psychiatric interview
• Were any subjects taking medication during Raine's study?

  No subjects were taking medication
• What task did participants complete during the PET scan procedure?

  Continuous performance task (CPT)
• How long did the brain scan take after the performance task?

  10 minutes
• What did Raine conclude about the relationship between biology and violence?

  Violence is influenced by multiple factors
• What did Raine's findings suggest about murderers pleading NGRI?

  They are not exempt from responsibility
• What social implications arise from Raine's research?

  Impact on judicial system and societal safety
• What ethical concern was raised regarding consent in Raine's research?

  Lack of informed consent
• What psychological risk was noted for participants in Raine's study?

  Risk of lowered self-esteem
• How could Raine's research be made more ethical?

  Full explanation and debriefing of participants
• What did Raine warn about the interpretation of his results?

  They should not be taken at face value
• What limitation did Raine's methodology have regarding the types of criminals studied?

  Only murderers were included in the study
• What did Raine find significant differences in during his study?

  Brain areas like the occipital lobe
• What does Raine's research suggest about the influence of upbringing on violence?

  Upbringing can influence violent behavior
• What is a potential social consequence of viewing murderers as biologically determined?

  Society may feel unsafe and fearful
• What did Raine's research indicate about the generalizability of findings?

  Findings cannot be generalized to all offenders
• What did Raine's research suggest about the relationship between brain dysfunction and violence?

  No causal link established
• How does Raine's research contribute to understanding violent crime?

  It highlights biological and social influences
• What is the significance of using PET scans in Raine's research?

  Provides observable evidence of brain activity
• What type of participants were included in Raine's study?

  Murderers pleading NGRI
• What does NGRI stand for in the context of Raine's study?

  Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity
• What is a potential ethical issue regarding the psychological impact of the performance task?

  It could cause stress or embarrassment
• What should have been done to ensure participants felt safe during Raine's research?

  Reduce harm and ensure safety
• What was the main focus of Raine's research?

  Brain differences in murderers
• What did Raine emphasize about the role of social factors in violence?

  They play important roles in predicting violence
• How does Raine's research challenge the notion of free will in violent behavior?

  It suggests biological factors may influence actions
• What is the implication of Raine's findings for the treatment of violent offenders?

  Consideration of biological and social factors
• What type of research method did Raine's study utilize?

  Experimental method
• What is the significance of matching participants in Raine's study?

  Ensures comparability between groups
• What does Raine's research suggest about the complexity of violent behavior?

  It is influenced by multiple interacting factors
• What ethical principle should have been prioritized in Raine's research?

  Informed consent