tranport in plants

• What do plants use to transport water, sugars, and amino acids?

  Xylem and phloem
• How do plants transport water and mineral ions?

  Through xylem tissue against gravity
• What does phloem tissue transport?

  Organic substances like sugars and amino acids
• What type of cells make up xylem tissue?

  Dead cells
• Why do xylem cells have no nucleus or organelles?

  To allow more room for water transport
• What is the function of lignin in xylem cells?

  Provides structure and support
• How are phloem vessels structured?

  Consist of sieve tube elements and companion cells
• What are sieve tube elements?

  Living vessels with no nucleus
• What role do companion cells play in phloem?

  Help sieve tube elements survive
• What is the arrangement of xylem and phloem in the stem?

  Xylem innermost, phloem middle
• What is the arrangement of xylem in the root?

  Forms a cross-like structure in the center
• Why do plants need water?

  For photosynthesis and mineral transport
• How does water enter the plant?

  Through root hairs
• What is osmosis in the context of water uptake?

  Movement of water from high to low solute concentration
• What drives the transport of water through the xylem?

  Transpiration creates tension
• What is transpiration?

  Loss of water vapor from leaves
• What is the cohesion-tension theory?

  Explains water movement in xylem
• What causes the negative pressure in the xylem?

  Loss of water by transpiration
• What is translocation in plants?

  Movement of sugars from sources to sinks
• What happens to sucrose when it reaches a sink?

  Converted into starch for storage
• What is the mass flow hypothesis?

  Explains solute transport from sources to sinks
• How does active transport function in phloem?

  Loads solutes into sieve tube elements
• What happens when solutes are removed from sink cells?

  Increases water potential at the sink end
• What maintains the hydrostatic pressure gradient in phloem?

  Movement of water by osmosis
• What are the key components of plant transport systems?

  • Xylem: transports water and minerals
  • Phloem: transports sugars and amino acids
  • Vascular bundles: contain both xylem and phloem
  • Sclerenchyma cells: provide structural integrity
• How do xylem and phloem differ in function and structure?

  Xylem:

  • Transports water and minerals
  • Composed of dead cells
  • Contains lignin for support

  
  

  Phloem:

  • Transports sugars and amino acids
  • Composed of living cells
  • Requires companion cells for function
• What environmental factors affect the rate of transpiration?

  • Wind speed
  • Humidity
  • Temperature
  • Surface area of the leaf
• What is the process of photosynthesis in plants?

  1. Water and carbon dioxide absorbed
  2. Light energy captured by chlorophyll
  3. Glucose produced as food
  4. Oxygen released as a byproduct
• What are the roles of root hairs in water uptake?

  • Increase surface area for absorption
  • Facilitate osmosis from soil to root cells
• What is the significance of cohesion and tension in water transport?

  • Cohesion: water molecules stick together
  • Tension: creates a pull from transpiration
  • Together, they drive water movement from roots to leaves
• What is the importance of the vascular bundles arrangement in different plant parts?

  • Provides structural support
  • Facilitates efficient transport of water and nutrients
  • Arrangement varies between stem, root, and leaf
• What happens to water potential during transpiration?

  • Water potential decreases in mesophyll cells
  • Water moves from xylem to mesophyll
  • Creates a gradient for continuous water flow
• What is the role of plasmodesmata in phloem function?

  • Allow communication between sieve tube elements and companion cells
  • Facilitate transport of nutrients and signals
• How does respiration affect translocation in plants?

  • Energy from respiration is required for translocation
  • Inhibition of respiration impairs sugar transport
  • Can lead to plant death if severe
• What is the significance of the end plates in sieve tube elements?

  • Allow passage of solutes between cells
  • Facilitate efficient transport of nutrients