everythying in paper 1

• What are the two types of organisms based on cell structure?

  Eukaryotic and prokaryotic
• What are the main organelles found in eukaryotic cells?

  • Plasma membrane
  • Cell wall
  • Cytoplasm
  • Ribosomes
  • Nucleus
  • Nuclear envelope
  • Nuclear pores
  • Chromatin
  • Nucleolus
  • Chloroplast
  • Lysosome
  • Mitochondria
  • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Glyoxysomes
  • Vacuole
  • Vesicle
  • Cilium
  • Centriole
  • Cytoskeleton
• What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

  It provides support and shape to the cell
• How does the cytoskeleton respond to changes in the cell?

  It is dynamic and constantly changing
• What are the main functions of the cytoskeleton?

  Support and movement of organelles
• What role do microtubules play in the cytoskeleton?

  They maintain organelle shape and movement
• What is the role of ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

  They synthesize proteins for the cell
• How is mRNA involved in protein synthesis?

  It carries instructions from the nucleus
• What happens to new proteins after they are made?

  They may be modified and transported
• What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

  It modifies and processes proteins
• What is exocytosis in relation to proteins?

  It transports proteins outside the cell
• What are the main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

  • Prokaryotic:
  • Single-celled
  • No nucleus
  • Smaller size
  • Simple structure
  • Eukaryotic:
  • Multi-celled
  • Contains a nucleus
  • Larger size
  • Complex structure
• What is the size range of eukaryotic cells?

  10-100 um
• What type of cell wall do bacteria have?

  Peptidoglycan
• What is the ribosome size in prokaryotic cells?

  70S
• What is the ribosome size in eukaryotic cells?

  80S
• What is the purpose of staining in microscopy?

  To enhance contrast and visibility of specimens
• What are some common staining solutions used in microscopy?

  • Cochineal dye (red)
  • Crystal violet solution (purple)
  • Lugol's iodine solution (yellow)
  • Methylene blue solution (blue/black)
• What is the formula for magnification?

  Magnification = Image Size / Actual Size
• What does resolution refer to in microscopy?

  It is the detail distinguishable between objects
• What are the types of microscopes?

  • Light Microscopes
  • Laser Scanning Microscopes
  • Electron Microscopes
• What elements do carbohydrates contain?

  C, H, and O
• What is one use of carbohydrates in respiration?

  Substrate of respiration (glucose)
• What is the role of starch in plants?

  Energy store for excess glucose
• What is cellulose primarily used for in plants?

  Structural support for cell walls
• What is the simplest monosaccharide?

  Glyceraldehyde
• How many carbon atoms can the backbone of monosaccharides have?

  3, 4, 5, or 6 carbon atoms
• What is a characteristic of monosaccharides?

  They are sweet and water soluble
• What type of sugars are all monosaccharides classified as?

  Reducing sugars
• What are the two types of glycosidic bonds in disaccharides?

  • Alpha glycosidic bond
  • Beta glycosidic bond
• What is maltose formed from?

  Glucose + glucose
• What is lactose formed from?

  Glucose + galactose
• What is sucrose formed from?

  Glucose + fructose
• How do plants store excess glucose?

  As starch
• Why is starch insoluble in water?

  It doesn't affect osmosis
• What are the two components of starch?

  Amylose and amylopectin
• What is the structure of amylose?

  Long unbranched chain of alpha glucose
• What is the structure of amylopectin?

  Long branched chain of alpha glucose
• How do animals store excess glucose?

  As glycogen in liver and muscles
• What is the structure of cellulose?

  Long straight chains of beta glucose