bio

• What is an enzyme?

  A biological catalyst that speeds up reactions
• Why are enzymes called biological catalysts?

  They speed up the rate of reactions in living organisms
• What does it mean if an enzyme denatures?

  The active site changes shape and loses function
• What are two conditions that can cause an enzyme to denature?

  High temperatures and extreme pH levels
• What does the term "enzyme" refer to?

  A protein that catalyzes biochemical reactions
• What products does amylase break starch down into?

  Glucose and maltose
• What products does lipase break lipids down into?

  Fatty acids and glycerol
• What products does protease break proteins down into?

  Amino acids
• What happens to enzyme activity as you increase the temperature?

  Enzyme activity increases until optimum temperature
• Explain what happens to enzyme activity after the optimum temperature.

  Enzyme activity decreases as the enzyme denatures
• Which pH range is considered acidic?

  pH less than 7
• What is the optimum temperature for enzyme activity?

  The temperature at which the enzyme works best
• What happens to enzyme activity at high temperatures?

  Enzyme activity decreases due to denaturation
• What is the effect of pH on enzyme activity?

  Extreme pH can denature the enzyme
• What is a practical use for the breakdown of starch?

  • Producing glucose for energy
  • Making sweeteners
  • Fermentation in brewing
• Which reagent is used to test for the presence of starch?

  Iodine solution
• What color indicates the presence of starch when using iodine solution?

  Blue-black
• What is the independent variable in the starch breakdown investigation?

  Temperature
• What is the dependent variable in the starch breakdown investigation?

  Time taken for starch to be digested
• List three control variables for the starch breakdown investigation.

  Concentration of starch, enzyme volume, temperature
• If no enzyme is used, how long will the reaction take? Give a reason.

  Short time; enzymes speed up reactions
• Which pH range is considered neutral?

  pH equal to 7
• Which pH range is considered alkaline?

  pH greater than 7
• What does an acid do?

  It donates protons in a solution
• What is a concentration gradient?

  The difference in concentration between two areas
• What is diffusion?

  Movement of particles from high to low concentration
• Where might diffusion occur in animals?

  In lungs and small intestine
• What is osmosis?

  Movement of water through a partially permeable membrane
• How does osmosis occur in terms of concentration?

  From high concentration of water to low concentration
• What are the key concepts of enzyme activity affected by temperature and pH?

  • Enzyme activity increases with temperature until optimum
  • Enzyme denatures at high temperatures
  • Extreme pH levels can denature enzymes
  • Optimal pH varies for different enzymes