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Topic 5: Homeostasis and Response
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Created by
Sandi Kanengoni
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Cards (118)
What is the definition of homeostasis?
Regulation of
internal conditions
of a cell
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Why is homeostasis important for organisms?
To maintain optimum conditions for
enzyme action
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Name three conditions regulated in the human body.
Blood
glucose levels
,
body temperature
, water levels
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What are the components of automatic control systems in homeostasis?
Receptor cells
(detect stimulus)
Coordination centre
(processes information)
Effectors
(bring about responses)
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What role does the coordination centre play in homeostasis?
It receives and processes information from
receptors
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What are effectors in the context of homeostasis?
Muscles or glands that bring about
responses
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How do automatic control systems respond to changes?
They may involve
nervous
or
hormonal
responses
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Why is the misconception that "an effector detects a stimulus" incorrect?
An
effector
carries out a
response
, not
detection
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Why should body temperature not increase too much?
Enzymes become
denatured
at high temperatures
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What happens when blood pressure becomes too high?
Receptors
detect high blood pressure and signal coordination centre
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What is the first step in the negative feedback mechanism for high blood pressure?
Receptors
detect that blood pressure is too high
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What is the role of the coordination centre in blood pressure regulation?
It processes information and organizes a
response
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What do effectors do in response to high blood pressure?
They produce a response to
decrease blood pressure
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What is the function of the nervous system?
To react to changes in
surroundings
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Describe the overall structure of the human nervous system.
Central nervous system
(
CNS
) - brain & spinal cord
Other nerves - bundles of
neurones
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How does information pass along neurones?
As
electrical impulses
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What is a synapse?
Small gap between two
neurones
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How does information pass across a synapse?
A chemical is released and
diffuses
across
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What are the steps in a nervous system response to a stimulus?
Receptor
,
sensory neurone
,
CNS
,
motor neurone
,
effector
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What is a reflex action?
Automatic
and rapid response not involving
conscious brain
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Why are reflex actions important?
They help minimize
damage
to the body
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What is a reflex arc?
Pathway of a reflex action through the
nervous system
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What is the role of the relay neurone in a reflex arc?
Passes impulses from
sensory
to
motor neurone
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What is the misconception about how information travels along neurones?
It travels as
electrical impulses
, not signals
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Why does a conscious action take longer than a reflex action?
The impulse has to travel to the
brain
and back
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How is information detected when touching a hot object?
Temperature receptors
in skin detect the
stimulus
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What is the ruler-drop test used for?
To measure human
reaction time
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Describe the method for the ruler-drop test.
Person
A
holds
ruler
above
person
B's
hand
Ruler dropped
without
warning, person B catches it
Record
distance
caught
,
convert
to
time
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Why is it important to control variables in the ruler-drop test?
To ensure
valid
and reliable
results
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How can caffeine affect reaction time?
It blocks
adenosine receptors
, increasing
impulses
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Why do students wait 15 minutes after drinking coffee before testing reaction time?
To allow
caffeine
to be absorbed into the body
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Why is using a computer to measure reaction time more valid?
It provides more
precise
timing measurements
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What are the functions of the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and medulla?
Cerebral cortex: Consciousness, intelligence, memory, language
Cerebellum: Muscle coordination, movement, balance
Medulla: Regulates unconscious activities (
heartbeat
,
breathing
)
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How do neuroscientists map brain functions?
By studying patients with
brain damage
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What is a challenge in investigating brain function?
The brain is
delicate
and complex
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What is the misconception about the cerebellum and memory?
The
cerebral cortex
is responsible for memory
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What happens if a person has a head injury and staggers while walking?
The
cerebellum
is likely damaged
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How can fMRI scanners help in brain damage assessment?
They show
active/inactive
brain regions during tasks
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What are the receptors in the eye sensitive to?
Light intensity
and colour
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Describe the structure and function of the retina and optic nerve.
Retina: Contains
receptors
sensitive to light intensity/colour
Optic nerve: Carries electrical impulses from retina to brain
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