Cicourel

• Who conducted the study on the negotiation of justice?

  Aaron Cicourel
• How do officers' stereotypes influence their decisions to arrest?

  They lead officers to focus on certain types
• What class bias did Cicourel find in law enforcement practices?

  Working-class areas were patrolled more intensively
• What did Cicourel find about probation officers' views on juvenile delinquency?

  They believed it was caused by broken homes
• How did probation officers' stereotypes affect their support for non-custodial sentences?

  They were less likely to support them
• According to Cicourel, how is justice characterized?

  Justice is negotiable, not fixed
• What happens when a middle-class youth is arrested, according to Cicourel?

  He is less likely to be charged
• Why are middle-class youths less likely to be charged?

  They fit the police's stereotype less
• What role do parents play in the negotiation of justice for middle-class youths?

  They can negotiate successfully on their behalf
• What typically happens to middle-class youths after arrest?

  They are counselled, warned, and released
• What implications does Cicourel's study have for official crime statistics?

  They do not provide a valid picture of crime
• How should crime statistics be treated according to Cicourel?

  As a topic for sociological investigation
• What should sociologists investigate regarding crime statistics?

  The processes that created the statistics
• What does investigating crime statistics reveal about control agencies?

  How they process and label people as criminal