Emergence and evolution of sport

• 7 sociocultural factors


  Social class

  Gender

  Law and Order

  Education

  Time

  Money

  Transport
• Pre-industrial Britain: Social class

  Upper class (aristocracy and gentry who owned land):

  ➜ Sophisticated, complex rules (education), required equipment (money).

  ➜ Fox hunting, real tennis, shooting

  
  

  Lower class (peasants who worked the land):

  ➜ Simple, violent, no rules

  ➜ Mob football, cock fighting, bare knuckle fighting

  
  

  Both classes (different roles):

  ➜ Lower = Competitors

  ➜ Upper = Sponsors

  ➜ E.g. Pedestrianism - competitive walking

  
• Pre-industrial Britain: Gender


  Activities were shaped based on expected behaviours of either gender.

  
  

  Women:

  ➜ "Weaker" sex, activities weren't strenuous or dangerous

  ➜ Smock racing, archery

  
• PreiB: Law and Order


  No formal law (police force)

  ➜ Violent activities

  ➜ Animal cruelty

  
• PreiB: Education


  Upper:

  ➜ Educated + Literate

  ➜ Could read and write rules = sophisticated games (real tennis)

  
  

  Lower:

  ➜ No education

  ➜ Couldn't read or write rules = simple games (mob football)

  
• PreiB: Time


  Lower:

  ➜ Little to no free time (working long hours)

  ➜ Played on festivals/holy days

  
  

  Upper:

  ➜ More free time (longer activities)

  
• PreiB: Money


  Upper:

  ➜ Had money to spend on equipment and facilities

  
• PreiB: Transport


  Limited, games played locally

  ➜Horse and cart (awful road conditions)

  ➜ Activities and sport developed locally
• Post-Industrial Revolution Britain (post 1850)

  Start:

  ➜ Urbanisation - Moving of people from towns to cities

  ➜ Poor health + living conditions (cramming in houses, factory workers)

  ➜ Very long working hours - 12 (limited time for leisure - Sundays for church)

  ➜ Limited green space

  
  

  End:

  ➜ Industrial patronage and broken time payments

  ➜ Factory teams

  ➜ NGBs formed

  
• 1850+: Social class


  Lower class - Workers in factories

  
  

  Middle class - Factory owners and managers

  ➜ Many went to public school and developed rules and NGBs

  
  

  Upper class - Gentry and Aristocracy

  
• Amateurism and Professionalism


  Amateur - Upper and middle (don't play for payments)

  
  

  Professionalism - Working (play for money)
• Working class lost - A SHIRT

  A - Acceptance

  
  

  1. Space - Urbanisation

  H - Health - Working long hours/living conditions

  I - Independance/Income - Low wages working for social superiors (middle)

  R - Rights - Changes in criminal law (police + RSPCA)

  T - Time - Long working hours (12 hour days)
• Patronage and broken time payments

  Payments made to working class players to compensate for the time missed working due to sporting/leisure activities
• 1850+: Gender


  Emancipation - Freedom of women

  
  

  ➜ Lawn tennis (middle class) was played by women privately in gardens

  ➜ Physical exercise became more acceptable for middle class women (WC still no opportunities)

  ➜ Men went off to war = increased role of women

  
  

  ➜ 1868 Taunton Royal Commission Report - highlighted limitations for women for schooling
• 1850+: Education


  ➜ Upper + Mid has right to education (wanted to keep working uneducated = lower voice in society)

  ➜ WC had little money to spend on education

  
  

  ➜ UC and MC had more sophisticated games (attended public schools)

  ➜ LC couldn't play these games as couldn't read or write
• 1850+: Law and Order

  1829 Met Police Act

  
  

  ➜ Clear defined laws (UC and MC law makers)

  ➜ Decline in blood sports (mob football, cock fighting banned)

  ➜ UC held onto their sports such as fox hunting
• 1850+: Time


  Patronage - Sporting and leisure activities provided by managers for working class

  
  

  Broken time payments - Payments made by managers to cover lost working time spent doing sporting and leisure activities

  
  

  Saturday half days introduced toward end - to watch and participate in sport

  
  

  Seaside excursions and weeks paid holiday 1890s
• 1850+: Money


  ➜ Working class gained regular pay (urbanisation to factories)
• 1850+: Transport


  Development of railways

  
  

  ➜ Enables distant teams to play + take spectators

  ➜ Standardised set of rules required for games

  ➜ Development of leagues and cups

  ➜ Enabled seaside excursions
• 20th century sport


  ➜ Timetabled fixtures, Formal boundaries, fixed numbers per team (numbers)

  ➜ Written codes of conducts

  ➜ Saturdays for sport

  ➜ Sport press

  ➜ Growing crowds + purpose built stadia

  ➜ Male dominated

  ➜ Sense of community
• Modern day social grades

  A - Higher managerial

  B - Intermediate managerial

  C1 - Supervisors

  C2 - Skilled manual workers

  D - Semi-unskilled manual workers

  E - Casual/lowest grade workers, dependant on government funding
• 20th Century: Social class

  WC - Less free time, Pub was centre of activity for sports, Gambling

  ➜ Professionalism

  
  

  UC + MC - NGBs, Owners of teams (Involvement switches)
• 20th Century: Gender


  Fewer opportunities for women

  ➜ No media coverage

  ➜ Modest clothing difficult to move in

  ➜ Discrimination (male only golf clubs)

  ➜ Mostly amateur (UC + MC)
• 20th Century: Education


  Education Act / Butler Act 1944

  ➜ Free secondary education for all

  
  

  PE became Compulsory

  
  

  Education Reform Act 1988
• 20th Century: Law and Order

  More civilised society

  ➜ Sports are less violent

  ➜ Blood sports banned (gentry still held sports)

  
  

  ➜ Players held accountable (numbers on shirts)
• 20th Century: Time


  Reduced working hours

  ➜More free time for leisure
• 20th Century: Money


  Increase in wages

  ➜ More disposable income
• 20th Century: Transport and Space

  Increased access to public and private transport

  ➜ More travelling - participation, spectatorism (large crowds)

  ➜ GLOBAL FIXTURES + COMPETITION

  ➜ Tourism increases (London 2012)
• 21st Century Sport


  ➜ Technology advancements

  ➜ Globalisation and Commercialisation
• 21st Century: Social class

  Social mobility

  ➜ Change in social status, release from poverty (rags to riches)

  ➜ Raheem Sterling - Council house raised in London

  
• 21st Century: Gender


  Increased opportunities and media coverage (still less than men)

  ➜ More sports events/teams = increase participation

  ➜ Creates role models

  
  

  Traditional views/stereotypes challenged

  ➜ Shared child care = more women participation

  ➜ Womens playing "men" violent sports (rugby/boxing)

  
  

  Equality and less discrimination

  ➜ Pay

  ➜ Gender Equality Act (male golf clubs still exist)

  
  

  Female presenters

  ➜ More pundits: Alex Scott, Gabby Logan

  
• 21st Century: Education


  Mandatory

  ➜ PE is part of the national curriculum

  
  

  Extra curricular clubs

  ➜ Teams, competitive fixtures

  
  

  Links with local clubs

  ➜ Increase participation outside of school

  
  

  Qualifications in sport

  ➜ GCSE PE, A Level PE, Sports science BSc...

  
• 21st Century: Law and Order

  Litigation - The process of taking legal action

  ➜ NGBs deal with problems

  
  

  Football banning orders

  ➜ Spectators can be banned from games (passports handed in)

  
  

  Illegal betting/match fixing

  
  

  Misuse of illegal PEDs

  
  

  Sport injury actions

  ➜ Officials have a duty to care for performers
• 21st Century: Time


  More free time for leisure activities

  ➜ Reduced and flexible working hours
• 21st Century: Money


  Disposable income being spent more on sports (equipment, memberships)
• Globalisation of sport