PCOL INTRO

• What is pharmacology?

  The science of drugs and their effects
• What is a drug?

  A substance that changes biological function
• What are the uses of drugs?

  Prevention, diagnosis, mitigation, treatment
• What is the molecular weight range of most drugs?

  Between 100 and 1000
• What are the types of drug names?

  Chemical, generic, and trade names
• What is the chemical name of Ibuprofen?

  2-(p-isobutylphenyl) propionic acid
• What is the trade name of Ibuprofen?

  Motrin
• What are functional modifiers in pharmacology?

  • Alter normal physiological functions
  • Examples:
  • Analgesic drugs
  • Anti-pyretic drugs
  • Anti-inflammatory drugs
  • Anti-hypertensive drugs
• What are replenisher drugs?

  • Supplement endogenous substances
  • Examples:
  • Hormones (Insulin)
  • IV Fluids/Electrolyte/ORS
  • Multivitamins
• What is pernicious anemia?

  An autoimmune disease affecting parietal cells
• What are diagnostic agents used for?

  To determine presence of a condition
• What are chemotherapeutic agents used for?

  To kill or inhibit growth of foreign cells
• What is pharmacokinetics?

  The study of drug fate in the body
• What are the two main areas of pharmacology?

  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Pharmacodynamics
• What are the internal processes of drug movement?

  1. Liberation
  2. Absorption
  3. Distribution
  4. Metabolism
  5. Excretion
  6. Response/Recycling
• What is liberation in pharmacology?

  The release of active ingredient from dosage form
• What factors influence the dissolution rate of drugs?

  Surface area, salt forms, hydration state
• What is the rate-limiting step in absorption?

  Dissolution of solid dosage forms
• What is bioavailability?

  The proportion of drug delivered to action site
• How does dose size affect drug absorption?

  Higher dose increases drug absorption
• What is the effect of gastric emptying on drug absorption?

  It affects the time for drug absorption
• What is the first-pass effect?

  Partial metabolism in liver before circulation
• What is enterohepatic recycling?

  Drugs reabsorbed into bloodstream after biliary tract
• What factors affect gastric emptying time?

  • Factors that increase:
  • Stress
  • Heavy exercise
  • Gastric ulcers
  • Hot food
  • Lying on the left side
  • Drugs inhibiting gastric motility
  • Factors that decrease:
  • Mild exercise
  • Gastrectomy
  • Cold foods/drinks
  • Lying on the right side
  • Motility enhancing drugs
  • Diabetes mellitus
• What routes of administration affect drug absorption?

  Enteral, parenteral, topical routes
• What is passive diffusion in drug transport?

  Drugs move from high to low concentration
• What is the volume of distribution (VD)?

  The hypothetical volume of body fluid for drug
• What is protein binding in pharmacology?

  When a drug combines with plasma proteins

  
• What physiological factors affect drug distribution?

  Cardiac output and regional blood flow
• What is the placental barrier's role in drug distribution?

  Most small drugs cross but at lower levels
• What is the blood-brain barrier's permeability?

  Permeable to lipid-soluble drugs only
• What factors affect protein binding?

  The drug, protein, affinity, interactions
• How does congestive heart failure affect drug distribution?

  Low cardiac output slows drug distribution
• What is the significance of areas of high blood pressure?

  They receive more drug distribution
• What is the significance of areas of low blood pressure?

  They receive less drug distribution
• What is the role of A1 globulin in drug binding?

  Binds steroidal drugs like cortisone

  
• What is the role of A2 globulin in drug binding?

  Binds vitamins A, D, E, K
• What is the role of B1 globulin in drug binding?

  Binds to ferrous ions
• What is the role of Y-globulin in drug binding?

  Binds to antigens