week 1

• What is the purpose of nomenclature in pathology and medicine?

  To provide a system of names
• How does uniform nomenclature contribute to epidemiological studies?

  It enables accurate epidemiological studies
• Why is clarifying the meanings of common terms important in disease nomenclature?

  To understand their pathological features
• What is a disease defined as?

  A loss of normal health
• What are the two broad categories of abnormalities that can cause disease?

  Structural or functional
• What is a primary disease (in the context of causation)?

  Disease without apparent cause
• What are other terms for a primary disease?

  Essential, idiopathic, spontaneous, cryptogenic
• What is a secondary disease (in the context of causation)?

  Disease is manifestation of underlying lesion
• In the context of disease stages, what do 'primary' and 'secondary' distinguish between?

  Initial and subsequent stages
• Which disease is this distinction between primary and secondary stages most commonly used?

  Cancer
• What does 'acute' describe about a disease?

  A rapid onset and resolution
• What does 'chronic' describe about a disease?

  A prolonged course lasting months or years
• How do benign tumors differ from malignant tumors?

  They remain localized and are rarely fatal
• What is the primary characteristic of malignant tumors?

  They invade and spread from their origin
• What does the prefix "ana-" signify?

  Absence
• What does the prefix "dys-" signify?

  Disordered
• What does the prefix "hyper-" signify?

  Excess over normal
• What does the prefix "hypo-" signify?

  Deficiency below normal
• What does the prefix "meta-" signify?

  Change from one stage to another
• What does the prefix "neo-" signify?

  New
• What does the suffix "-itis" signify?

  Inflammatory process
• What does the suffix "-oma" signify?

  Tumour
• What does the suffix "-osis" signify?

  Abnormal increase
• What does the suffix "-oid" signify?

  Bearing resemblance to
• What does the suffix "-plasia" signify?

  Disorder of growth
• What does the suffix "-opathy" signify?

  Abnormal state lacking specific characteristics
• What is an eponymous name in the context of disease?

  Named after a person or place
• What is Crohn's disease?

  Chronic inflammatory disease of the gut
• What is the purpose of disease classification in diagnosis?

  To identify a disease
• What are the aims of disease classification?

  • Determine the best treatment
  • Estimate the prognosis
  • Ascertain the cause
• What are the categories of diseases?

  • Genetic diseases
  • Acquired diseases
  • Congenital diseases
• What are the two main bases for disease classifications?

  Causes (aetiology) and underlying mechanisms
• What causes genetic diseases?

  Abnormalities in the genome
• What are the categories of diseases?

  • Genetic diseases
  • Acquired diseases
  • Congenital diseases
• What causes acquired diseases?

  Environmental factors
• What percentage of genetic diseases occur due to new mutations?

  ~15-20%
• What percentage of births in the UK are affected by congenital diseases?

  ~5%
• What is the interaction between genetic and environmental factors in disease?

  They often interact
• When might congenital diseases cause clinical manifestations?

  Until adult life
• When are congenital diseases initiated?

  Before or during birth