lecture 10 - language

• What is involved in speech production?

  Communication to an audience
• What kind of feedback do speakers receive during speech production?

  Non-verbal and verbal
• Compared to speech comprehension, is speech production more or less cognitively demanding?

  More cognitively demanding
• What are three ways speakers cope with the demands of speech production?

  • Syntactic priming: speakers use the same syntactic structure that they just heard
  • Preformulation: using phrases that have frequently been used previously
  • Underspecification: using simplified expressions like “and things like that”
• What are the four processes involved in speech production?

  • Semantic level
  • Syntactic level
  • Morphological level
  • Phonological level
• What do speech errors provide an understanding of?

  Mechanisms underlying speech production
• What is the name for the speech error where initial letters of two words are switched?

  Spoonerism
• What type of speech error involves a correct word being replaced by one of similar meaning?

  Semantic substitution error
• What kind of speech error involves inflections or suffixes being attached to the wrong words?

  Morpheme exchange errors
• What theory suggests speakers detect their own errors by monitoring their speech?

  Perceptual loop theory
• Damage to what brain area results in Broca’s aphasia?

  Inferior frontal gyrus
• Damage to what brain area results in Wernicke’s aphasia?

  Superior temporal gyrus
• Initially, are infants sensitive to sounds in their native language or all languages?

  Both native and other languages
• When does a critical period occur for neural consolidation of speech sounds in children?

  10 months of age
• How does sensitivity to non-native speech change around 10 months of age?

  It decreases
• Between what ages do children typically utter their first word?

  1 year and 18 months
• Besides building vocabulary, what else do children use for language?

  Rules for constructing morphemes
• Does language comprehension precede language production?

  Yes
• Which research team explored language comprehension preceding production using a two-screen experiment?

  Golmkoff et al., 1987
• In the Golmkoff et al. (1987) experiment, where did infants direct their attention when hearing "where is the cookie?"?

  The screen with the cookie
• How can the emergence of grammar be observed in young children?

  Through their imitations of adult utterances
• In early language development, what two types of words are often used?

  Pivot words and open words
• According to Hayes and Flower (1986), what are the three main processes of writing?

  1. The planning process
  2. The sentence-generation process
  3. The revision process
• What does directed retrospection involve in the context of writing?

  Reflecting on writing processes used
• Which researcher developed a writing model in 2012?

  Hayes
• According to Limpo & Alves (2018), what are the key aspects of writing?

  Planning and revising
• In the Limpo & Alves (2018) study, which writing process reduced over time?

  Planning
• In the Limpo & Alves (2018) study, which writing process increased over time?

  Revising
• What linguistic characteristics can be observed in longitudinal analyses of writers with Alzheimer's disease?

  Decrease vocabulary size, increased repetitions
• What writing strategy involves simply writing down everything known about a topic?

  Knowledge-telling strategy
• What writing strategy involves using high-level main points capturing important themes?

  Knowledge-transforming strategy
• According to Hayes (1985), what ability is important for writing expertise?

  Ability to use the revision process
• What are expert writers more likely to detect and identify in textual problems?

  The nature of textual problems
• According to Kellogg (2008), what do expert writers tend to focus on?

  Readers' needs
• What stage do expert writers attain versus the knowledge effect stage?

  Knowledge-crafting stage
• According to Karlen (2017), what do students employing knowledge-crafting obtain?

  Higher marks
• According to Holloway and McCutcheon (2004), what does instructing writers to "read-as-the-reader" improve?

  Revision quality
• What type of facilitation is it when, after each sentence, writers evaluate what they have written?

  Procedural facilitation
• According to Carvalho (2002), what does procedural facilitation yield?

  More effective writing
• According to Hayes and Flower (1986), how does the time spent on revision differ between expert and non-expert writers?

  Expert writers spend more time