Pstmls

• Sigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856, in Freyberg town, Czech Republic.
• Sigmund Freud graduated from medical faculty, University of Vienna in 1881.
• Sigmund Freud was officially recognized in 1896.
• Sigmund Freud released “interpretation of dreams” in 1900.
• Sigmund Freud died on September 23, 1939, in Hampstead house.
• Sigmund Freud believed that the mind is responsible for both conscious and unconscious decisions based on drives and forces.
• Maslow's theory of motivation rests on five assumptions: a holistic approach, complex motivation, continual motivation, the same basic needs for all people, and a hierarchy of needs.
• Physiological needs include food, water, air, shelter, clothing, sex and so on, and are constantly reoccurring.
• Safety needs, which include physical and financial security, stability, dependency, protection, and freedom from danger, health and well-being, result in basic anxiety if not satisfied.
• Love and belongingness needs, including the desire for friendship, the wish for a mate and children, and the need to belong, can also include the need to give and receive love.
• Esteem needs, which result from the satisfaction of love needs and include self-confidence and the recognition that we have a positive reputation, are real confidence opposed to others’ opinions.
• Self-actualization needs include self-fulfillment, the realization of all one's potential, and the desire to become creative in the full sense for the word.
• Self-actualization can also be described as self-discovery, self-realization, self-exploration and self-reflection.
• Maslow believed less than 1% of the adult population ever reached the stage of self-actualization.
• The B values are the values that some people embrace that allow them to step over the threshold from esteem to self-actualization.
• Sigmund Freud believed people are "simply actors in the drama of their own minds, pushed by desire, pulled by coincidence".
• Sigmund Freud believed that the unconscious level of mental life, which contains all the feeling, urges or instinct that are beyond our awareness, but it affects our expression, feeling, action, is the source of our motivation.
• Maslow refined the definition of self-actualization, studied other people, and changed the syndrome until he was satisfied that he had a clear definition of self-actualization.
• Other researchers have developed personality inventories for measuring self-actualization, the most widely used of which is Everett Shostrom's Personal Orientation Inventory (POI), a 150-item forced-choice inventory that assesses a variety of self-actualization facets.
• The Jonah complex is the fear of success which prevents self-actualization, or the realization of one's potential.
• The Jonah complex is the fear of one's own greatness, the evasion of one's destiny, or the avoidance of exercising one's talents.
• The Jonah complex is often characterized by a person seemingly running away from their destiny, based on the Biblical Jonah, who tried to escape his fate.
• Just as the fear of achieving a personal worst can motivate personal growth, the Jonah complex can also hinder achievement, and prevent self-actualization.
• Early Childhood (2 - 3) Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt Toilet training/dressing Can I do things by myself or need I always rely on others?
• Sigmund Freud believed that the preconscious level of mental life, which consists of facts stored in a part of the brain, which are not conscious but are available for possible use in the future, is a crucial part of the mind.
• Preschool (3 - 5) Initiative vs Guilt Exploration/Play Am I good or bad?
• School Age (6 - 11) Industry vs Inferiority School/Activities How can I be good?
• Adolescence (12 - 18) Identity vs Role Confusion Social relationships/identity Who am I and where am I going?
• Young Adult (19 - 40) Intimacy vs Isolation Intimate relationships Am I loved and wanted?
• Middle Adulthood (40 - 65) Generativity vs Stagnation Work and parenthood Will I provide something of real value?
• Maturity (65 to death) Ego identity vs Despair Reflection on life Have I lived a full life?
• Each stage involves a psychosocial crisis of two opposing emotional forces, which Erikson referred to as 'contrary disposition'.
• Each crisis stage relates to a corresponding life stage and its inherent challenges.
• Erikson used the word 'syntonic' for the first-listed 'positive' dispositions in each crisis and 'dystonic' for the second-listed dispositions.
• Erikson connected them with the word 'versus'.
• No child is going to develop a sense of 100 percent trust or 100 percent doubt.
• Erikson believed that successful development was all about striking a balance between the two opposing sides.
• When this happens, children acquire hope, which Erikson described as an openness to experience tempered by some wariness that danger may be present.
• Erikson believed that achieving a balance between autonomy and shame and doubt would lead to will, which is the belief that children can act with intention, within reason and limits.
• Children who are encouraged and commended by parents and teachers develop a feeling of competence and belief in their skills.