Unit 3, AoS 1

• What is a prerequisite?

  A prerequisite refers to the fundamental/basic conditions and resources that must be available to all people which provide the foundation for gains in health and wellbeing to occur
• Describe the prerequisite of peace, providing examples of how this may impact health outcomes

  Peace refers to the absence of violence or conflict

  • No conflict means people aren't injured (physical)
  • No conflict means people can go to school, improving social H+W
  • Less stress and anxiety (mental)
  • Peace = hope for the future (spiritual)
  • Lower mortality/morbidity rates, higher life expectancy
• Describe the prerequisite of shelter, providing examples of how this may impact health outcomes


  Shelter describes a structure that provides protection from the outside environment

  • Lessened exposure to weather events, this protects their body systems from the impacts of hypothermia (physical), increasing life expectancy
  • Not feel anxious about being murdered (mental)
• Describe the prerequisite of education, providing examples of how this may impact health outcomes

  Education ensures that all children complete a full course of primary and secondary school, to develop skills required to gain meaningful employment

  • understanding health literacy = eating proper food, body weight, less risk taking (physical)
  • Financial stress (mental)
  • Sense of belonging (work) (spiritual)
  • Eating nutritiously increases life expectancy, lowers burden of disease from YLL
• Describe the prerequisite of food, providing examples of how this may impact health outcomes

  Food is essential to life, and proper food security relates to having access to adequate, culturally appropriate and safe food

  • functioning of body systems, adequate energy (physical)
  • energy to socialise (social)
• Describe the prerequisite of income, providing examples of how this may impact health outcomes


  Income increases the ability to afford resources such as healthcare, food, education and transport

  • access healthcare services (physical, mental)(mortality, morbidity, burden of disease)
  • transport - places of worship (spiritual)
  • lack of financial stress (mental)
• Describe the prerequisite of a stable ecosystem, providing examples of how this may impact health outcomes


  A stable ecosystem occurs when there is a balance between the environment and the species that live in that environment.

  • sufficient plants and animals for food (physical, social (energy)) (mortality, life expectancy)
  • employment - agriculture (physical, mental, spiritual)
• Describe the prerequisite of sustainable resources, providing examples of how this may impact health outcomes


  Sustainable resources relates to ensuring that resources used to promote health and wellbeing in the present are available for future generations

  • food and water (physical) (life expectancy)
  • food production environments (fisheries) (spiritual, mental) (morbidity)
• Describe the prerequisite of social justice, providing examples of how this may impact health outcomes


  Social justice relates to equal rights for all, regardless of age, sex, gender, class, income

  • not being discriminated against (mental, social, emotional, spiritual) (life expectancy, mortality (suicide)
• Describe the prerequisite of equity, providing examples of how this may impact health outcomes


  Equity relates to fairness, whereby those who are most vulnerable receive the greatest amount of support

  • access to education, employment, healthcare (Medicare safety net) (physical, mental) (mortality)
• Define health and wellbeing

  Health and wellbeing refers to the state of a persons physical, mental, social, emotional and spiritual existence, and is characterised by an equilibrium in which the individual feels happy, healthy, capable and engaged
• Differentiate between disease and illness


  Disease relates to the physical and mental disturbances involving symptoms or dysfunctions, whereas illness is based on how a person feels about, and experiences disease. Factors impacting illness experienced include previous experience, pain threshold, age, severity of symptoms
• Explain how health and wellbeing and illnesses are dynamic


  Health and wellbeing and illnesses are considered dynamic as they are constantly changing. Events that can alter health and wellbeing include; breakup, broken leg, someone dying, car accident, loss of job
• Explain how health and wellbeing and illnesses are subjective

  Health and wellbeing and illnesses are subjective concepts as they mean different things to different people, and is based on personal feeling, belief or experience. Factors influencing how people perceive health and wellbeing/illness include; age, fitness, income, education, body weight
• Describe physical health and wellbeing

  Physical health and wellbeing refers to the efficient functioning of the body and its systems, including the physical capacity to complete daily tasks. Eg: body weight, body systems, energy levels
• Describe mental health and wellbeing

  Mental health and wellbeing relates to the state of a persons mind, and the ability to think and process information. Eg: free from stress/anxiety, high levels of confidence, using logic to solve problems
• Describe spiritual health and wellbeing


  Relates to the ideas, beliefs, values and ethics that arise in the minds of people. Eg: sense of belonging, purpose in life
• Describe emotional health and wellbeing


  Relates to the ability to express emotions and feelings in a positive way. Eg: resilience, recognize a range of emotions, use appropriate emotions in scenarios
• Describe social health and wellbeing 


  Relates to the ability to form meaningful and satisfying relationships, and adapt appropriately to a range of social situations. Eg: adapting to a range of scenarios, supportive network of friends, well-functioning family
• What is optimal health and wellbeing?


  The highest level of health and wellbeing an individual can realistically attain
• What is a resource?

  A resource is a source of supply or support.
• How does optimal health and wellbeing act as a resource individually?

  Reduced healthcare costs (not having to access the system), gain an education, exercise, earn an income, spend time with friends
• How does optimal health and wellbeing act as a resource nationally?


  Health system savings, higher average income, longer, healthier lives, increased productivity
• How does optimal health and wellbeing act as a resource globally?

  Economic development (have people working), reduced risk of global disease transmission, promoting peace and stability
• Define health status


  An individual or populations overall health, taking into account various aspects such as life expectancy, amount of disability and levels of disease risk factors.
• What is self-assessed health status?

  Self-assessed health status is a commonly used indicator that reflects a person’s perception of their health and wellbeing at any given point in time. Self-assessed health status data is often collected through population surveys and provides a subjective indication of the level of health experienced.
• What is life expectancy?

  Life expectancy is an indication of how long an individual can expect to live. It is the number of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age, if current death rates do not change.
• What is HALE


  A measurement that considers life expectancy data and the impact of ill health on a population. It is the average length of time an individual at a specific age can expect to live in full health; that is, time lived without the health consequences of disease or injury. It is an indicator of both quantity and quality of life.
• What is mortality?

  Mortality refers to the number of deaths in a population at any given time.
• What is mortality rate?

  Mortality rate (death rate) is the number of deaths per 100,000 people in a 12-month period.
• Differentiate between infant mortality and infant mortality rate, providing examples of why infant mortality occurs.

  Infant mortality – the death of an infant before their first birthday

  Infant mortality rate – the rate of deaths of infants before their first birthday, expresses through every 1000 live births

  oCongenital malformation and chromosomal abnormalities

  oProblems with umbilical cord or placenta

  oBirth trauma (injury, asphyxia)

  oSudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
• Differentiate between under 5 mortality and under 5 mortality rate, and provide examples of why under 5 mortality occurs.


  Under 5 mortality – death of a child under 5 years of age

  Under 5 mortality rate – the number of deaths of children under 5 years of age per 1000 live births

  Most common causes of death include;

  oInjuries (drowning, suffocation, burns)

  oCancer (leukemia)

  oCongenital abnormalities (heart and neural tube defects)

  oCirculation conditions
• Differentiate between maternal mortality and maternal mortality rate, and provide examples of why maternal mortality occurs.

  Maternal mortality – death of a mother during pregnancy, childbirth or within 6 weeks of delivery due to related causes

  Maternal mortality rate – the number of mothers who die as a result of pregnancy, childbirth or associated treatment per 100,000 women who give birth

  Causes of maternal mortality include;

  oCVD – increased demand on heart

  oObstetric haemorrhage – excess bleeding from the uterus during or after pregnancy

  oSepsis – infection complicating a pregnancy
• Differentiate between morbidity and morbidity rate.

  Morbidity refers to ill health in an individual and the levels of ill health in a population.

  Morbidity rate is a measure of how many people suffer from a particular disease, condition or injury during a given period of time.
• Differentiate between incidence and prevalence

  Incidence refers to the number or new cases of a disease/condition in a population in a given period.

  Prevalence relates to the total number of cases of a particular disease/condition present in a population at any given time.
• What is burden of disease, and how is it measured?

  Burden of disease is a measure of the impact of diseases and injuries. Specifically, it measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free from disability and disease. Burden of disease is measured in a unit called DALY (disability-adjusted life years). DALY is calculated by adding together years of life lost (YLL) and years lived with disability (YLD) to determine how many years of life were lost due to ill health.