chapter 3 & 4

• what is smoking?

  Smoking is a practice in which a substance is burned, and the resulting smoke is inhaled to be tasted and absorbed into the bloodstream.
• Impact of smoking on HS and B.O.D (cancer)

  
  

  Factor statement/pathway: Tobacco causes faults in body cells during division, leading to tumor formation

  Disease: Common cancers caused by tobacco include lung and esophageal cancers

  HS impact: Smoking increases mortality rates

  B.O.D impact: Contributes to Years of Life Lost (YLL)
• Impact of smoking on HS and B.O.D (respiratory problems)

  Factor statement/pathway: Tobacco smoke damages airways, which limits ability to utilize oxygen due to damaged lung tissue

  Disease: Conditions include Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), chronic bronchitis, and emphysema

  Impact on HS: Smoking contributes to increased morbidity

  Impact on B.O.D: Contributes to Years Lived with Disability (YLD)
• Impact of smoking on HS and B.O.D (asthma)

  
  

  Factor statement/pathway: Exposure to tobacco smoke early in life causes airway muscles to tighten and airway lining to become swollen

  Disease: Asthma

  HS impact: Smoking leads to increased morbidity and decreased life expectancy

  B.O.D impact: Contributes to Years Lived with Disability (YLD)
• Impact of alcohol on HS and B.O.D (high BMI)

  Factor statement/ pathway: Alcohol is high in kilojoules (energy), increasing an individual's chance of gaining excess weight if energy is not expended. Over time, this can lead to being overweight/ obesity

  Disease: Acting as a risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes

  Link to HS: Increasing morbidity

  Link to B.O.D: Increased YLD
• Impact of alcohol on HS and B.O.D (liver disease)

  Factor statement/pathway: Alcohol is filtered through the liver. Excess consumption promotes scarring of liver tissue, leading to the liver not functioning and toxins remaining in the body

  Disease: Leads to the development of cirrhosis of the liver (damage where healthy cells are replaced by scar tissue)

  HS impact: Decreases life expectancy

  B.O.D impact: Increases YLD
• Impact of alcohol on HS and B.O.D (injury)


  Factor statement/pathway: Behaviour of those affected by alcohol is changed, increasing the risk of acting impulsively

  Disease: Increases risk of driving drunk, causes fatal or non-fatal injury, as alcohol decreases motor control

  impact on HS: Increases morality (fatal)

  B.O.D impact: Increases YLL
• What is BMI and how is it measured?

  BMI is a statistical measure of body mass calculated by dividing weight by height. For example, it classifies individuals in terms of being underweight, overweight, or average.
• Impact of high BMI on HS and B.O.D (arthritis)

  Factor statement/pathway: High BMI puts more pressure on joints, wearing down the cartilage (cushioning)

  Disease: Leading to osteoarthritis, causing pain and limited mobility

  HS: Increasing morbidity

  B.O.D: Increased YLD
• Impact of high BMI on HS and B.O.D (CVD)

  Factor statement/pathway: Increase in cholesterol levels increases the rate of atherosclerosis

  Disease: Leading to development of CVD

  HS: Increases mortality

  B.O.D: Increases YLL
• Impact of high BMI on HS and B.O.D (mental health issues)


  Factor statement/pathway: High BMI can cause people t have a lack of self-esteem

  Disease: Leading to anxiety depression (relating to body image/situation)

  HS: Increases morality (suicide), morbidity

  B.O.D: Increases YLL + YLD
• Impact of underconsumption of fibre on HS and B.O.D (high BMI)

  Factor statement/pathway: Low intake of fibre from underconsuming wholegrain bread may cause people not to have a feeling of fulness, causing them to overeat

  Disease: Leads to development of obesity

  HS: Increases morbidity

  B.O.D: YLD
• Impact of underconsumption of fibre on HS and B.O.D (colorectal cancer)

  Factor statement/pathway: Fibre from bran adds bulk to faeces and keeps the digestive system clean, avoiding the development of abnormal cells. Without this, tumours can develop from abnormal cells

  Disease. Colorectal cancer

  HS: Increases mortality

  B.O.D: YLL
• Impact of underconsumption of fibre on HS and B.O.D (CVD)


  Factor statement/pathway: Soluble fibre from oats attaches to particles of LDL cholesterol and excretes them. A lack of causes…

  Disease: High cholesterol levels, increasing risk of developing CVD

  HS: Decreases life expectancy

  B.O.D: YLD
• Explain what fibre is


  Fibre is a type of carbohydrate, found most commonly in bran, bread (wholegrain) and fruit peels. Fibre provides a feeling of fulness and adds bulk to faeces to clean the digestive tract.
• Impact of underconsumption of fruit/vegetable on HS and B.O.D (fibre)


  Factor statement/pathway: Vegetables such as carrots and fruit such as apples contain fibre, so not consuming enough equals a reduced feeling of fulness

  Disease: Leads to overeating/ obesity

  HS: Increasing morbidity

  B.O.D: Increasing YLD
• Impact of underconsumption of fruit/vegetable on HS and B.O.D (folate)

  Factor statement/pathway: Vegetables such as spinach and fruits such as oranges contain folate, which plays a significant role in the development of the brain and spinal cord during the prenatal development stage

  Disease: Under consuming folate causes a failure to develop these systems, resulting in neural tube defect/spina bifida

  HS: Increases infant mortality

  B.O.D: Increases YLL
• Impact of underconsumption of fruit/vegetable on HS and B.O.D (Vitamin C)

  Factor statement/pathway: Vegetables such as capsicum and fruits such as oranges are high in Vitamin C, which, if under consumed may result in decreased functioning of the immune system

  Disease: More susceptible to illnesses such as the flu

  HS: Increasing morbidity

  B.O.D: Increasing YLD
• What is dairy and calcium?

  Dairy relates to foods made from animal milk, and products produced from it, containing calcium. Fortified variations relate to products whereby nutrients such as calcium have been artificially added to increase nutritional value (almond milk)

  Calcium is the hardening material that keeps bones and teeth strong, in the process called ossification. Underconsumption of calcium prevents this process from occurring, resulting in weak, brittle bones.
• Impact of underconsumption of dairy on HS and B.O.D (osteoporosis)

  Factor statement/pathway: Dairy is rich in calcium, which increases the mineral density of bones, strengthening them in a process called ossification. Underconsumption of foods high in dairy such as milk means this process cannot occur….

  Disease: Increasing risk of developing osteoporosis later in life

  HS: Increasing prevalence of the condition

  B.O.D: Increasing YLD
• Impact of underconsumption of dairy on HS and B.O.D (dental disease)

  Factor statement/pathway: Underconsumption of foods containing dairy such as fortified products (almond milk) increases the risk of developing dental caries, due to the breakdown of tissue that makes up the tooth

  Disease: Dental caries

  HS: Increasing morbidity

  B.O.D:Increasing YLD
• Impact of underconsumption of dairy on HS and B.O.D (type 2 diabetes)


  Factor statement/pathway: People who are overweight are more likely to under consume dairy products such as yoghurt, leading them to overconsume refined sugars and/or CHO

  Disease: Type 2 diabetes

  HS: Increasing morbidity

  B.O.D: Increasing YLD
• Impact of underconsumption of iron on HS and B.O.D (anaemia)

  Factor statement/pathway: Iron is essential for the production of haemoglobin, which helps to transport oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Under consuming foods such as red meat or brown rice reduces levels of iron in the body, which means oxygen cannot be efficiently transported around the body

  Disease: Can contribute to the development of anaemia, characterised by tiredness, weakness and a lack of energy

  HS: Increases incidence

  B.O.D: Increases YLD
• Why is iron essential?

  Iron is an essential part of the blood which helps to form haemoglobin, which helps to transport oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body
• Impact of overconsumption of salt on HS and B.O.D (hypertension)

  Factor statement/pathway: High sodium levels from overconsuming foods such as fatty meats can draw fluid out of body cells

  Disease: Increases blood volume and hypertension

  HS: Decreases life expectancy

  B.O.D: Increases YLD
• Impact of overconsumption of salt on HS and B.O.D (CVD)

  Factor statement/pathway: Increased blood volume from hypertension forces heart to work harder

  Disease: Increasing risk of heart attack

  HS: Increases mortality

  B.O.D: Increases YLL
• Impact of overconsumption of salt on HS and B.O.D (osteoporosis)

  Factor statement/pathway: Excessive sodium levels in the body due to overconsumption of table salt causes calcium to be excreted via urine rather than absorbed, leading to demineralisation of bones

  Disease: Osteoporosis

  HS: Decreases HALE

  B.O.D: Increases YLD
• What is the role of salt in the body?

  Salt contains sodium, which promotes hydration levels and electrolyte balance
• Impact of overconsumption of sugar on HS and B.O.D (dental disease)


  Factor statement/pathway: Sugars in sports drinks provide fuel for bacteria to multiply in the mouth

  Disease: Contributing to dental decay and cavities

  HS: Increases morbidity

  B.O.D: Increases YLD
• Impact of overconsumption of sugar on HS and B.O.D (high BMI)

  Factor statement/pathway: Sugars found in confectionary are a source of energy, but, if overconsumed in excess are stored as adipose tissue

  Disease: Leads to weight gain and high BMI/obesity

  HS: Decreases life expectancy

  B.O.D: Increases YLD
• What are sugars?

  Sugars are a type of CHO found naturally in some foods such as fruit/honey, and added to process foods such as confectionary, sports drinks
• Role of monounsaturated fats (and food source)

  decreases LDL, olive oil/avocado
• Role of polyunsaturated fats (and food source)

  increases HDL, canola oil/fish
• Role of saturated fats (and food source)

  increases LDL, fatty meats
• Role of trans fats (and food source)

  leads to weight gain/obesity (stored as adipose), baked goods
• Impact of overconsumption of fats on HS and B.O.D (high BMI)

  Factor statement/pathway: Overconsumption of saturated fats found in fatty meats contributes to the development of adipose tissue

  Disease: Resulting in a higher BMI and related conditions (T2D)

  HS: Decreases life expectancy

  B.O.D: Increases YLD
• Impact of overconsumption of fats on HS and B.O.D (CVD)

  Factor statement/pathway: Build-up of LDL from baked goods hardens artery walls, forcing the heart to work harder to pump oxygenated blood throughout the body

  Disease: Increasing the rate of atherosclerosis, heart attack from a blockage

  HS: Increases mortality

  B.O.D: Increases YLL
• Describe how biological factors (body weight) contribute to variations in HSBody weight

  
  

  • high body weight forces the heart to pump faster, increasing risk of heart attack
  • increased pressure on joints leads to the development of osteoporosis
• Describe how biological factors (blood pressure) contribute to variations in HS

  • increased pressure on artery walls due to greater blood volume makes the heart work harder, increasing risk of heart disease
  • risk factors include; smoking, high BMI
• Describe how biological factors (blood cholesterol) contribute to variations in HS

  • High blood cholesterol with high LDL is a risk factor for atherosclerosis, and thus hypertension. Increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (stroke – lack of oxygenated blood to brain through narrow artery walls)
  • risk factors include; smoking, excessive alcohol intake, saturated fat intake