Section 2

• When was the long march

  1934- 1935
• Reasons for the long march

  • GMD's extermination campaigns forced CCP to escape the Jiangxi soviet
  • Mao saw the march as an opportunity to solidify his role as leader
  • Mao saw the propaganda potential of the long march
• Events of the long march

  • 100,000 communist soldiers marched north to Yanan
  • Mao & Zhu De took control of the CCP in 1935 when Otto Braun advised them to fight the GMD in urban areas
  • 200 battles fought against GMD & warlords
  • Soldiers died from: starvation, freezing, exhaustion & disease
  • 1 year later the surviving 10% of communists arrived in Yanan
• Impacts of the long march

  • Solidified Mao as the communist leader- his children became martyrs
  • Long march became an inspiring legend for future communists- Survivors became high ranking communists
  • referred to as the Great retreat
• When was the war with Japan?

  1937-1945
• What did Japan lack that prompted its expansion efforts?

  Raw materials like oil
• Why did Japan invade Manchuria in 1931?

  To acquire raw materials for expansion
• What happened to Manchuria after Japan invaded it?

  It became a puppet state
• What influenced Chiang to work with the communists against Japan?

  Pressure from warlords in China
• What was the timeline of Japanese occupation in China?

  • 1931-1937: Japan's power in China strengthens
  • 1937: Chiang declares war on Japan
  • 1937-1941: Japan captures major cities
  • December 1937: Rape of Nanjing occurs
  • 1941: Japan bombs Pearl Harbor
  • 1945: Atomic bombs dropped, ending the war
• What major cities did Japan capture between 1937 and 1941?

  Beijing, Shanghai, and Nanjing
• What was the event known as the 'Rape of Nanjing'?

  Mass murder and rape by Japanese soldiers
• How many Chinese were killed during the Rape of Nanjing?

  Over 30,000
• What happened after Japan bombed Pearl Harbor in 1941?

  Allies supplied China with resources
• What was Chiang's primary concern even after the bombing of Pearl Harbor?

  Worry about communism over Japan
• What event in 1945 significantly weakened Japan?

  Dropping of atomic bombs
• What was the outcome of the atomic bombings in August 1945?

  It ended the war with Japan
• CCP impacts of war with Japan

  • membership grew from 40,000 to 1.2 million by 1945
  • Many peasants liked and joined the red army
  • Mao claimed red army stopped the war (was actually support from the allies & atomic bombs on japan)
• GMD impacts of war with Japan

  • GMD embezzling US funds made them unpopular
  • GMD taxing peasants and forcing them to join their army made them unpopular
  • Chiang still felt threatened by communism
  • Chiang was more loyal to anti-communism than to china
• When was the civil war?

  1946-1949
• What was the position of the GMD during the civil war?

  They were recognized as the government
• What areas did the GMD control during the civil war?

  Southern and central China
• How did the communists gain popularity during the war with Japan?

  They protected the Chinese people
• When did the civil war start between the GMD and CCP?

  December 1945
• What major struggle began in July 1946?

  A struggle for control of China
• What was the role of the PLA during the civil war?

  They fought against the GMD
• What tactics did the CCP use in May 1947?

  Guerrilla tactics
• What significant event occurred in January 1949?

  Communists took control of Beijing
• What was the outcome of the battle of Huai-Huai?

  It was the most decisive campaign
• What does PLA stand for?

  People's Liberation Army
• What does NRA stand for?

  New Republican Army
• What were the military reasons for the success of Mao and the CCP?

  • Mao's skilled leadership and clear strategy
  • Lin Biao's expertise in guerrilla warfare
  • Adaptation of tactics based on terrain
  • High discipline and belief in Communism
  • Respectful treatment of villagers for support
• What were the military failures of the GMD?

  • Poor leadership by Chiang
  • Tactical errors in troop deployment
  • Inability to supply troops effectively
  • Heavy losses and reliance on poorly trained conscripts
  • Unpopularity due to looting by troops
• What were the political reasons for the CCP's success?

  • Strong political unity under Mao
  • Secure chain of command
  • Local committees discussing reforms
  • Positive propaganda about the PLA
• What were the political failures of the GMD?

  • Diminishing political power
  • Corruption and bribery among officials
  • Failure to implement effective reforms
  • Lack of political support by October 1949
• What were the economic and social reasons for the CCP's strength?

  • Support from peasants through land reforms
  • Positive treatment of rural populations
  • Patriotism and determination against Japanese
• What were the economic failures of the GMD?

  • Poor economic record and inflation
  • Devaluation of currency due to printing money
  • Late reforms that lost middle-class support
• What was the outcome of the GMD's actions by October 1949?

  Very little political support remained