Pharmacy final cue card 1,2,3,4,5,6

• Prescription Drugs are drugs restricted to sale by prescription only
• Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs can be purchased without a prescription
• Non-prescritption drugs can be sold to the. general public without a prescription.
• What are over the counter drugs a apart of?

  non prescrtipiton drugs
• OTC

  over the counter
• Why are some drugs over the counter?

  based on the presmise that the general publc is able to diagnose mild syptoms and treat appropriatly
• When should OTC drugs be used?

  For minor illness and symptoms.
• Can OTC cause toxicites on their own and have drug interactions inculding herbal and prescription drugs?

  Yes
• How long should you self medicate on OTC drugs without consulting a doctor?

  2 weeks or less
• What controls the sale of OTC drugs?

  Food and Drugs Act
• What does the Food and Drug Act monitor?


  saftey, efficacy, advertising, and sale of OTC drugs
• What is grandparenting?

  Where new regulations do not apply to products already on the market
• Why would an OTC product not be subjescted to randomized controlled trials?


  They have already been on the market and used for deacades (example: acetaminophen)
• What do OTC drug have to go though before being sold?

  1. preclinical testing for saftey
• What is conducted on OTC after being on market?

  Post market survellience
• sometimes OTC are avaible as prescriptions drugs before being realsed as an OTC drug.
• Are clinical trials conducted on OTC before intial market approval?

  Yes
• What are some concerns of older OTC drugs not going through randomized control trials?

  1. may not be as effective (the only way to know is though ndomized control trials)
  2. the saftey standards of older OTC may not meet the saftey standards of today
• Key factors to consider when selecting an OTC drug

  1. proven efficay and known toxicity
  2. simple formulation and ingredients
  3. brand vs generic
  4. appropriate and effective dose
• A OTC drug with one ingriedent an other with mulitple which is the better of the two?

  simpler is usally better
• does brand vs generic more effective?

  No, because of bioequivalence.
• what are some things to look for at an OTC drug appropraite and effective dose?

  does it come in appropaite form (ex liquide for kids)?

  does it have a therputically effective dose of active ingredient?
• Common OTC drugs:

  1. internal analgesics
  2. anthistamines
  3. drugs for excess stomach acid
  4. decongestants
  5. cough supperesants
  6. sleeping aids
  7. laxatives
  8. antidiarreheals
  9. hydrocoritsone cream
  10. sunscreen
• Internal Analgesics?

  Medications used to relieve pain.
• Acetylsalcyic acid ASA is the generic name for?

  Aspirin
• ASA thereapuatically does what?

  relieves pain, fever, inflammation, and low doses can prevent stroke and heart attacks
• Mechanism of action of ASA?For pain fever and inflammation

  Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis
• mechanism of action ASA? Stoke and heart attack

  stops platelet aggregstion therefore stops clot formtion
• Adverse effects of ASA?

  1. Gastrointestinal bleeding
  2. Reye's syndrome ( CNS in kids)
  3. tinnitus (ringin in the ears)
  4. allergic reaction
• Acetaminophen is the most widley usded OTC analgestic
• Mechanism of action of Acetaminphen?

  Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis stops eneyzmes responsible for the formation of prostaglandins
• Theraputic use of Acetminophen?

  analegesic (pain relif) and antipyretic (anti fever) NOT anti inflamatory
• Adverse effects of acetminophen?

  fatal liver faliure in large doses

  Is well tolerates at theraputic does how ever is found in many products so may accdiently overdose
• NSAID is a class of?

  internal analgestics
• NSAID: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
• Two examples of NSAIDs?

  Ibuprofen (brand name advil) and naproxern (brand name Aleve)
• Theraputic use of NSAID?

  analgestic, antipyretic,anti-inflammatory

  more effective then ASA

  Ibuprophen and naproxen are the most effectve OTC anti-inflammatory agents
• Adverse effects of NSAIDs?

  Gastrointestinal bleeding, skin rash, dizziness, blurred vision, fluid retention
• Mecahnism of action of internal analgesics (general steps)

  1. tissue is damages and realses arachidonic acid which then conterts to enither enyzmes: cox-1 or cox-2 (cox-1 leads protective prostaglandines but cox-2 causes inflamotrty prostaglandines)
  2. when you take an internal analgesic however they block one or both cox
  3. blocking cox-1 / protective prostaglandines lead to the adverse effects
  4. blocking cox-2 / inflamotroty prostaglandines leads to the mangment of pain, fever, and inflamation
• Antihistamines?

  treat allergy symptioms