Behaviourist approach

• What does "Tabula Rasa" mean in Latin?

  Blank Slate
• According to behaviorists, what primarily shapes human behavior?

  The environment
• What do behaviorists argue about newborns regarding behavior?

  They are born completely neutral
• According to the assumption that humans are born like a blank slate, what is the source of everything that a person becomes?

  Experience
• What does it mean for a theory to be deterministic?

  Behavior is determined by external factors
• What does a deterministic perspective fail to account for?

  Free will
• Through what process is behavior learned according to the second assumption?

  Conditioning
• How is behavior learned according to the second assumption?

  Through association
• What type of conditioning occurs when an association is made between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned response?

  Classical conditioning
• Who first investigated classical conditioning?

  Ivan Pavlov
• How did Ivan Pavlov discover classical conditioning?

  By accident
• In what year did the Little Albert experiment take place?

  1921
• What was the aim of the Little Albert experiment?

  To condition a phobia in a baby
• What did Albert begin to associate with the loud noise?

  The rat
• Through what does operant conditioning occur?

  The consequence of our behaviour
• What is a reinforcer?

  Increases the chance of behavior occurring again
• What are the two types of reinforcement?

  Positive and negative
• How does negative reinforcement strengthen behavior?

  By escaping something unpleasant
• Who demonstrated operant conditioning with animals?

  B.F. Skinner
• In what year did B.F. Skinner publish his findings on operant conditioning?

  1938
• What did B.F. Skinner use to demonstrate operant conditioning?

  Pigeons or rats
• According to Assumption 3, how do humans and animals learn?

  In similar ways
• According to Assumption 3, what are both humans and animals a product of?

  Their environment
• What is the main difference between human and animal learning, according to the third assumption?

  Humans can learn more complex behavior
• According to the third assumption, what is true of the laws of learning for both humans and non-human animals?

  They are the same
• What can we do as a result of humans and animals learning in the same way?

  Study animals and generalize to humans
• What therapy has been applied using the principles of animal learning?

  Systematic desensitization
• What do clients learn to associate with the phobic object in systematic desensitization?

  Feeling relaxed
• What is the effect of reinforcement on behavior?

  Increases likelihood of repetition
• What is the effect of punishment on behavior?

  Decreases likelihood of repetition
• What type of reinforcement is it when eating all your dinner leads to being allowed to have pudding?

  Positive reinforcement
• What type of reinforcement is it when doing homework on time leads to avoiding detention?

  Negative reinforcement
• What type of punishment is receiving a fine for speeding?

  Positive punishment
• What type of punishment is having your mobile phone confiscated for using it in class?

  Negative punishment