Topic 7: Further Anatomy

• Brain stem; respiratory control center

  Located in MEDULLA OBLONGATA and ponsFunction - regulates rate and depth of breathing to maintain homeostasis.

  
• Brain stem; cardiovascular control center

  Located in MEDULLA OBLONGATAFunction - increases or decreases the heart rate to maintain homeostasis.

  
• Diencephalon: Thalamus


  Perception of sensations (pain, temperature, pressure);Cognition (acquiring knowledge through the senses)

  
• Diencephalon: Hypothalamus

  Control of autonomic nervous system (ANS)Control of heart rate and blood pressurePituitary glandBody temperatureAppetite, thirst, fluid and electrolyte balanceCircadian rhythms

  
• Cerebellum


  Helps to smooth and coordinate sequences of skeletal muscle contractionsRegulates posture and balanceMakes possible all skilled motor activities (catching a ball, dancing)

  
• Cerebrum


  Responsible for high-level brain functionsSensory (receiving sensory impulses)Association (interpreting and storing input, initiating a response)Motor (transmitting impulses to effectors)

  
• Frontal lobe


  Reasoning and motivationPlanningEmotionsProblem solvingSpeech & movement motor areas

  
• Parietal lobe

  Movement,Body awarenessOrientationNavigationSymbolic and speech association areas

  
• Occipital lobe


  Visual sensory and association center

  
• Temporal lobe


  Auditory sensory and association area,Many of the aspects of long-term and visual memory

  
• Limbic lobe


  Emotion,Behavior,MotivationLong term memory

  
• Brain stem


  between spinal cord and diencephalon

  
• Diencephalon


  between brainstem and cerebrum

  
• limbic lobe location


  surrounds the rim of the ventricles

  
• Epidermis


  outer layer of skin

  
• Dermis


  middle layer of skin

  
• fat


  compound of fatty acids - temperature regulation, protection

  
• oil glands


  release oil that keeps hair flexible and waterproofs - protection, immunity, temp regulation

  
• hair

  outgrowth of the skin- thermoregulation

  
• sweat gland


  glands that secrete sweat, located in the dermal layer of the skin- excretion, temp regulation

  
• hair follicle


  sac within which each hair grows

  
• blood vessels


  tubelike structures that carry blood throughout the body- temp regulation, nutrients, immunity

  
• regulation of body temperature

  Hairs stand up/lay flat, glands release sweat, fat insulation, blood vessels dilate
• protection and immunity


  layers of barriers protecting the body
• sensation


  Nerve endings, pain, temp, pressure
• excretion


  sweat releases salt, stress and oil glands release sebum
• synthesis of vitamin D


  Skin cells use sunlight
• Blood supply to the brain

  - major arteries which deliver blood to the brain- brain needs an adequate supply of 02 and nutrients- supplied through a network of blood vessels - right and left external and internal carotid artery that connect to the brachiocephalic trunk- blood brain barrier stops foreign substances from entering the brain
• internal carotid artery


  shorter, into the skull and then the brain (internal !) - direct blood supply to the brain itself

  
• external carotid artery


  longer, artery that supplies blood to the anterior such as the skin, face, and neck

  
• brachiocephalic trunk


  The first large artery from the aortic arch. It carries oxygenated blood to the neck, head, and right forelimb.

  
• blood-brain barrier


  Blood vessels (capillaries) that let certain substances enter the brain tissue and keep other substances out

  
• principal energy source for brain cells

  - glucose and oxygen pass rapidly from the blood to the brain - cells make ATP during aerobic respiration- glucose production needs to be consistent as we don't have carbs in our brain- not enough oxygen we can get dizzy and mental confusion