SEHS

• Error bars


  Graphical representation of the variability of data
• Standard deviation


  a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score
• medium variability


  Small st dev shows data is close to the mean value

  
• low variability


  large st dev shows that there is a wide spread around the mean

  
• coefficient of variation


  the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean
• t-test


  a statistical test used to evaluate the size and significance of the difference between two means
• t-value


  a ratio of the difference between the two sample means and the standard error
• p-value


  The probability level which forms basis for deciding if results are statistically significant (not due to chance).
• >0.05


  not reliable too much difference
• <0.05


  statistically significant p value and reliable
• corellational study


  Two variables have a relationship but not necessarily a cause and effect one
• r value


  The correlation coefficient that ranges from -1.0 to +1.0. The closer it is to 0, the less two variables are related.
• R-squared value


  Coefficient of determination

  
  

  Ranges from 0% to 100%
• validity


  whether or not the test measures the component of fitness it is meant to
• accuracy


  how closed a measurement is to a correct value/standard
• precision


  how many decimal places we can record to - more precise = more
• reliability


  a reliable test produces the same results every time it is repeated - most reliable=most consistent
• specificity


  fitness test must test an individual's fitness for the activity/sport in question
• control groups


  group of participants who don't receive the "treatment" in question
• randomisation


  participants must be randomly assigned to a control/treatment group - balance out factors that could affect the results
• placebos


  "dummy drug" that appears to be the same treatment but ingredients are different - helps researchers to know whether the drug or placebo is causing the effect
• blinding


  participant doesnt know which group they are in - reduces bias as participants are more likely to respond
• double-blinding


  researcher also doesnt know which group the participant was in - reduces researcher bias
• importance of the physical activity readiness questionnaire(PAR-Q)

  useful for anyone starting an exercise program, determines safety/risk of exercising for an individual based on answers of health history, identifies adults who shouldn't do exercise
• field test strengths


  more authentic/representative results, tests multiple participants, higher ecological validity, cheaper, qualitative data
• field test limitations


  less control over variables, environmental constraints, hard to replicate, less accuracy and precision
• lab test strengths


  more control over variables, most accurate and precise, easy to repeat, high-tech and more advanced
• lab test limitations


  expensive, slower, less ecological validity
• sub-maximal test strengths


  safer, better option for diverse populations, can be used to measure fitness over time
• sub-maximal test limitations


  technique can be a confounding/poorly controlled variable, results must be extrapolated to the max leading to possible erros
• maximal test strengths


  aims to measure a max
• maximal test limitations


  injury risk, harder to replicate, more variables to control, requires sufficient rest time, motivation is a confounding variable
• health-related fitness


  components of physical fitness required to meet the demands of everyday life/activities
• health-related fitness components


  Body composition, strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, aerobic capacity
• performance-related fitness


  components required to execute desired skills with success during a sport/physical activity
• performance-related fitness components


  agility, balance, coordination, power, reaction time, speed
• aerobic capacity


  the ability to take in, transport and use oxygen through the aerobic energy system - a persons V02 max - the maximal rate that 02 can be used during maximal exercise
• bleep test


  component: aerobic capacity

  how: repeated 20m sprints at progressively increasing speeds until exhaustion is reached

  validity: high

  reliability: depends on how strictly test is done

  advantages: large groups, can continue to maximum

  limitations: practice, motivation, environment
• Cooper's 12 minute run

  component: aerobic capacity

  how: running as far as possible in 12minutes

  validity: 90% correlation in determining V02 max

  reliability: depends on participant

  advantages: multiple people, cheap, accessible

  limitations: participant validity, motivation
• harvard step test


  component: aerobic capacity

  how: stepping up and down on a bench to a set rhythm for five minutes. Recovery heart rates are then recorded

  validity: 60-80% valid measurement of V02 max

  reliability: not reliable due to height limitations

  advantages: minimal equipment/cost

  limitations: athlete characteristics