topic 2 - exercise physiology

• purpose of the ventilatory system

  keep our brain functioning, cellular respiration, blood cell production, aerobic respiration for ATP
• functions of conducting airways

  -low resistance pathway for air flow

  -defense against chemicals and other harmful substances that are inhaled

  -warming and moistening the air

  - c shape cartilage for esophagus movement

  - 2 and 3 degree bronchi have smooth muscle that helps to regulate airflow
• mucus


  moistens air and traps inhaled particles

  
• ciliated epithelial cells


  small extensions that push mucus towards pharynx
• goblet cells


  make mucus
• pulmonary ventilation


  inflow and outflow of air between the atmosphere and lungs
• total lung capacity(TLC)


  volume of air in lungs after maximum inhalation

  
• vital capacity(VC)


  max volume of air that can be exhaled after inhalation

  
• tidal volume(TV)


  volume of air breathed in and out in any one breath

  
• expiratory reserve volume(ERV)


  volume of air in excess of tidal volume that can be exhaled forcibly

  
• inspiratory reserve volume(IRV)


  additional inspired air over and above tidal volume

  
• ventilation rate


  number of inhalations or exhalations per min
• volume of thorax during inhalation

  increases
• volume of thorax during exhalation

  decreases
• diaphragm during inhalation


  contracts
• movement of diaphragm during inhalation

  lowers and pushes digestive system down
• external intercostal muscles during inhalation


  contracts, draws the ribs up and out
• rib cage movement during inhalation


  up and out
• pressure in chest cavity during inhalation

  decreases below atmospheric pressure
• movement of air during inhalation

  into lungs, down pressure gradient
• diaphragm muscle during exhalation

  relaxes and raises
• diaphragm movement during exhalation


  resumes dome shape
• external intercostal muscles during exhalation


  relaxes(quiet)

  contracts(forced)
• rib cage movement during exhalation


  in and down
• pressure in chest cavity during exhalation

  higher than atmospheric pressure
• movement of air during exhalation


  air is forced out
• hemoglobin + oxygen


  oxyhemoglobin
• composition of blood


  plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
• plasma


  dissolves C02
• erythrocytes(red blood cells)


  carries C02 on hemoglobin(binds to oxygen)
• leukocyte(white blood cells)


  defends the body against pathogens
• platelets


  prevents blood leaking from a broken blood vessel
• arteries


  blood travels away from heart
• capillaries


  smalles, 1 cell thick, location for gas/nutrient exchange
• veins


  blood vessels that carry blood to the heart
• nutrients


  transported through blood, glucose, proteins and amino acids
• oxygen gas


  transported through blood, reactant needed for aerobic respiration
• C02 gas


  transported through blood, waste product of aerobic cell respiration, lowers pH levels in blood
• hormones


  transported through blood from endocrine glands, targets cells where they signal a change
• electrolytes


  transported through blood, ions for different functions