AQA GCSE Chemistry 6-10

• What is the name of the carbon configuration shown in the bottom right of the image?

  Alkyne
• What is an organic compound?

  One containing carbon atoms
• What are the key differences between alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes?

  • Alkanes have only single carbon-carbon bonds
  • Alkenes have one carbon-carbon double bond
  • Alkynes have one carbon-carbon triple bond
• What is the name of the carbon configuration shown in the middle of the image?

  Alkene
• What are the different configurations of carbon atoms?

  1. Saturated (alkane): 4 single bonds
  2. Unsaturated (alkene): 1 double bond
  3. Unsaturated (alkyne): 1 triple bond
  4. Carbanion: Carries a negative charge
  5. Carbocation: Carries a positive charge
  6. Carbene: Neutral with two unbonded electrons
• How do the carbon configurations shown in the image differ in terms of their reactivity and stability?

  Alkynes are the most reactive, followed by alkenes, then alkanes which are the most stable
• What charge does a carbocation carry?

  Positive charge
• What is the name of the carbon configuration shown in the top left of the image?

  Alkane
• How many single bonds does a saturated carbon atom have?

  4 single bonds
• What type of bond does an alkene have?

  1 double bond
• What should be shown when drawing structural formulas?

  All atoms and bonds
• What charge does a carbanion carry?

  Negative charge
• What type of bond does an alkyne have?

  1 triple bond
• What are the names of the other carbon configurations shown in the image?

  • Carbocation
  • Carbanion
  • Carbene
• How could you draw the structure of an alkane, alkene, and alkyne with 4 carbon atoms?

  • Alkane (C4H10): $H_3C-CH_2-CH_2-CH_3$
  • Alkene (C4H8): $H_2C=$$CH-CH_3$
  • Alkyne (C4H6): $HC\equiv C-CH_3$
• What is a carbene?

  Neutral with two unbonded electrons
• What defines a pure substance?

  Contains only one type of compound or element
• What does oxygen do to a glowing splint?

  It relights the glowing splint
• What are the tests for identifying common gases?

  • Hydrogen: Burns with a squeaky pop
  • Oxygen: Relights a glowing splint
  • Carbon dioxide: Turns limewater cloudy
  • Chlorine: Bleaches damp litmus paper white
• What is the name of the layer of the atmosphere closest to the Earth's surface?

  Troposphere
• What is the molecular formula for butane?

  $C_{4}H_{10}$
• How does chromatography work?

  Separates substances based on solubility differences
• What happens when hydrogen is ignited?

  It burns with a squeaky pop
• What is the main purpose of chemical analysis?

  To determine purity and identify components
• What is the effect of carbon dioxide on limewater?

  It turns limewater cloudy
• What are the main layers of the Earth's atmosphere and their key characteristics?

  • Troposphere: Lowest layer, contains weather phenomena, 10 km thick
  • Stratosphere: Contains ozone layer, 50 km thick
  • Mesosphere: Temperatures decrease with altitude, 85 km thick
  • Thermosphere: Temperatures increase with altitude, 372 miles thick
  • Exosphere: Outermost layer, transitions to space, 600 km thick
• How do greenhouse gases contribute to climate change?

  By trapping heat in the atmosphere
• What is the thickness of the thermosphere in miles?

  372 miles
• What is the name of the layer of the atmosphere that contains the ozone layer?

  Stratosphere
• What are air pollutants mentioned in the study material?

  Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides
• What is the thickness of the exosphere in kilometers?

  600 km
• What does the image show regarding butane?

  Different ways of showing the formula
• Why is methane considered a greenhouse gas?

  It traps heat in the atmosphere
• How are greenhouse gases and air pollutants detected?

  Using methods learned in chemical analysis
• What are the main greenhouse gases and their sources?

  • Carbon dioxide: Fossil fuel burning
  • Methane: Farm animals, landfills
• What is the greenhouse effect?

  It is the trapping of thermal energy
• What is the thickness of the mesosphere in kilometers?

  85 km
• What is the effect of fossil fuel burning on greenhouse gas levels?

  It increases carbon dioxide levels
• What is the role of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere?

  They trap thermal energy, creating the greenhouse effect
• What does "Using Resources" refer to?

  Utilizing natural and synthetic resources