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4.1.1
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Owen Lowndes
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Cards (38)
What is a pathogen?
An organism that causes
disease
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What are the main types of pathogens?
Bacteria
Viruses
Protoctists
Fungi
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What disease does tuberculosis (TB) cause in animals?
Affects
lungs
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How is tuberculosis (TB) spread?
Via
droplets
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What disease does HIV/AIDS cause in animals?
Attacks
immune cells
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How is HIV/AIDS spread?
By
bodily fluids
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What disease does malaria cause in animals?
Attacks
red blood cells
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How is malaria spread?
By
mosquitoes
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How is athlete's foot spread?
By
contact
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What disease does ring rot cause in plants?
Affects
potatoes
and
tomatoes
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What does the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) affect in plants?
Affects
leaves
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What is a key fact about bacteria?
Bacteria release
toxins
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How do viruses operate?
Invade and take over
host cells
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What is a characteristic of protoctists?
Can be
parasitic
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What do fungi form to penetrate plant tissues?
Hyphae
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What are the methods of pathogen transmission in animals?
Direct Transmission
:
Physical Contact
Bodily Fluids
Droplet Infection
Indirect Transmission
:
Contaminated Surfaces
Vectors
Fecal-Oral Route
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What factors increase disease transmission in animals?
Overcrowded
conditions
and poor
hygiene
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What are the methods of pathogen transmission in plants?
Direct Transmission
:
Direct Contact
Indirect Transmission
:
Soil Contamination
Vectors
:
Insects
Water & Wind
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What factors increase disease transmission in plants?
Overcrowding
and damp conditions
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What are the physical barriers in plant defenses against pathogens?
Waxy Cuticle
Cell Walls
(Cellulose)
Callose Deposits
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What are the chemical defenses in plant defenses against pathogens?
Antimicrobial Chemicals
Toxic Compounds
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What do lysozymes do in animal defenses?
Break down
bacterial
cell walls
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What is phagocytosis?
Engulfing and digesting
pathogens
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What are the steps in phagocytosis?
Pathogen recognized by
antigen
markers
Phagocyte binds using
opsonins
Engulfment in a
phagosome
Lysosomes
fuse, releasing
enzymes
Pathogen digested and destroyed
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What are neutrophils?
Quick response, short lifespan
phagocytes
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What are macrophages?
Longer-lasting
phagocytes
, become
APCs
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What is the role of B lymphocytes in the immune response?
Recognize
antigens
Clonal selection
and expansion
Produce
plasma cells
and
memory B cells
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What is the role of T lymphocytes in the immune response?
Activate
B cells
and
phagocytes
Destroy
infected cells
Provide long-term immunity
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What are the differences between primary and secondary immune responses?
Primary
: Slower, no
memory cells
, fewer
antibodies
Secondary
: Faster, memory cells present, more antibodies
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What is the structure of antibodies?
Proteins
with two
binding sites
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What are the types of antibody action?
Agglutination
Opsonization
Neutralization
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What are the types of immunity?
Active
:
Own antibodies
Passive
:
Received antibodies
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What is herd immunity?
High
percentage
of vaccinated population
Reduces disease spread
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What is a source of medicines from plants?
Aspirin
from
willow bark
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What are the causes of autoimmune diseases?
Genetic Factors
Environmental Triggers
Hormonal Influence
Failure of
T Regulatory Cells
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How do autoimmune diseases develop?
Immune system fails to recognize "self"
T lymphocytes and antibodies attack own cells
Chronic inflammation occurs
Tissue destruction may result
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What are the treatments for autoimmune diseases?
Immunosuppressants
Anti-inflammatory Drugs
Biological Therapy
Hormone Replacement
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What are the key points about autoimmune diseases?
Definition
:
Immune system
attacks own cells
Causes:
Genetics
, infections, hormonal changes
Examples:
Rheumatoid arthritis
,
Type 1 diabetes
,
Lupus
Effects:
Chronic inflammation
, pain, organ damage
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