4.1.1

    Cards (38)

    • What is a pathogen?
      An organism that causes disease
    • What are the main types of pathogens?
      • Bacteria
      • Viruses
      • Protoctists
      • Fungi
    • What disease does tuberculosis (TB) cause in animals?
      Affects lungs
    • How is tuberculosis (TB) spread?
      Via droplets
    • What disease does HIV/AIDS cause in animals?
      Attacks immune cells
    • How is HIV/AIDS spread?
      By bodily fluids
    • What disease does malaria cause in animals?
      Attacks red blood cells
    • How is malaria spread?
      By mosquitoes
    • How is athlete's foot spread?
      By contact
    • What disease does ring rot cause in plants?
      Affects potatoes and tomatoes
    • What does the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) affect in plants?
      Affects leaves
    • What is a key fact about bacteria?
      Bacteria release toxins
    • How do viruses operate?
      Invade and take over host cells
    • What is a characteristic of protoctists?
      Can be parasitic
    • What do fungi form to penetrate plant tissues?
      Hyphae
    • What are the methods of pathogen transmission in animals?
      • Direct Transmission:
      • Physical Contact
      • Bodily Fluids
      • Droplet Infection
      • Indirect Transmission:
      • Contaminated Surfaces
      • Vectors
      • Fecal-Oral Route
    • What factors increase disease transmission in animals?
      Overcrowded conditions and poor hygiene
    • What are the methods of pathogen transmission in plants?
      • Direct Transmission:
      • Direct Contact
      • Indirect Transmission:
      • Soil Contamination
      • Vectors:
      • Insects
      • Water & Wind
    • What factors increase disease transmission in plants?
      Overcrowding and damp conditions
    • What are the physical barriers in plant defenses against pathogens?
      • Waxy Cuticle
      • Cell Walls (Cellulose)
      • Callose Deposits
    • What are the chemical defenses in plant defenses against pathogens?
      • Antimicrobial Chemicals
      • Toxic Compounds
    • What do lysozymes do in animal defenses?
      Break down bacterial cell walls
    • What is phagocytosis?
      Engulfing and digesting pathogens
    • What are the steps in phagocytosis?
      1. Pathogen recognized by antigen markers
      2. Phagocyte binds using opsonins
      3. Engulfment in a phagosome
      4. Lysosomes fuse, releasing enzymes
      5. Pathogen digested and destroyed
    • What are neutrophils?
      Quick response, short lifespan phagocytes
    • What are macrophages?
      Longer-lasting phagocytes, become APCs
    • What is the role of B lymphocytes in the immune response?
      • Recognize antigens
      • Clonal selection and expansion
      • Produce plasma cells and memory B cells
    • What is the role of T lymphocytes in the immune response?
      • Activate B cells and phagocytes
      • Destroy infected cells
      • Provide long-term immunity
    • What are the differences between primary and secondary immune responses?
      • Primary: Slower, no memory cells, fewer antibodies
      • Secondary: Faster, memory cells present, more antibodies
    • What is the structure of antibodies?
      Proteins with two binding sites
    • What are the types of antibody action?
      • Agglutination
      • Opsonization
      • Neutralization
    • What are the types of immunity?
      • Active: Own antibodies
      • Passive: Received antibodies
    • What is herd immunity?
      • High percentage of vaccinated population
      • Reduces disease spread
    • What is a source of medicines from plants?
      Aspirin from willow bark
    • What are the causes of autoimmune diseases?
      • Genetic Factors
      • Environmental Triggers
      • Hormonal Influence
      • Failure of T Regulatory Cells
    • How do autoimmune diseases develop?
      • Immune system fails to recognize "self"
      • T lymphocytes and antibodies attack own cells
      • Chronic inflammation occurs
      • Tissue destruction may result
    • What are the treatments for autoimmune diseases?
      • Immunosuppressants
      • Anti-inflammatory Drugs
      • Biological Therapy
      • Hormone Replacement
    • What are the key points about autoimmune diseases?
      • Definition: Immune system attacks own cells
      • Causes: Genetics, infections, hormonal changes
      • Examples: Rheumatoid arthritis, Type 1 diabetes, Lupus
      • Effects: Chronic inflammation, pain, organ damage
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