2: Changing UK economy

• What is a business park

  an area of land occupied by a cluster of businesses
• Where are business parks usually located?

  usually located on the edge of town because

  -land tends to be cheaper

  -more land available

  -businesses can benefit by working together

  -access is better for workers since there is less congestion
• What is the UK's largest business park?

  Cobalt Business Park, Newcastle-upon-Tyne

  Businesses there: Tesco, Santander, HP,EE

  -Several support facilities including retail outlets and opportunities for recreation like a fitness centre and cycle paths

  -Businesses at Cobalt Business Park are eligible for government assistance

  -The park is next to the A19, close to the A1 and 20mins from the international airport
• Why has there been a growth in the number of science parks in the UK

  -growth in tertiary and quaternary

  -provide higher paying jobs

  -new technological firms

  -people entering higher education

  -help support new bussiness
• Negative impacts of industry on the physical environment

  -industrial processes and buildings can cause air, water pollution as well as degrading (remove the nutrients)the soil

  -waste products are often taken to landfill and pollute the air as well as the soil and water which are more difficult to recover

  -transport pf industrial products is usually by road (motorway) causing air pollution and environmental damage through construction
• What does sustainability mean?


  is meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
• How can industrial development be more sustainable?

  de-sulphurisation: removes harmful gases (sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide from power stations and heavy industry

  stricter environment targets: set for industry on water quality, air pollution and landscape damage

  technology: used to make production process more efficient and reduce harmful emissions from industry and power stations

  heavy fines: imposed on polluters
• example of quarrying in UK

  Torr Limestone Quarry Somerset
• Impacts of Quarrying


  destroy natural habitats

  pollute water courses

  scar landscapes

  landscape will never return to its original form
• What is a company expected to do once a quarry has been used

  restore the

  landfill, agriculture, habitats, housing and flood storage
• What are their strict controls on for a Quarry

  blasting, removal of dust on roads, landscaping and the recycling of the materials they use
• Torr Quarry, Somerset


  -over 100 people employed

  -occupied a 2.5km squared site

  -currently produces 5million tonnes of Limestone
• How is Torr Quarry becoming environmentally sustainable

  - a plan was made to deepen the Quarry instead of extending outwards into surrounding countryside

  - is being restored to create wildlife lakes for recreation and water supply

  -rail transport minimises the impact on local roads and villages

  -regular monitoring of noise, vibration, airborne emissions and water quality
• JCB - local case study

  - HQ is in Staffordshire, UK

  -employs over 7000ppl and makes 279 different machines

  -has plenty of trees, a lake which contain a lot of fish,

  -HQ has sculptures to attract and appeal to visitors
• What is counter-urbanisation


  Movement of people from urban to rural areas
• Why is counter-urbanisation happening


  -people want to leave the air pollution, dirt and crime of the big city

  - due to many jobs going online (also fast railway services), you can do the same job but from a nice and quite place, like Hebden Bridge

  - many people want second homes for early retirement
• where is South Cambridgeshire located

  The most rural area surrounding the city of Cambridge
• An example of a place which has a growing population

  South Cambridgeshire
• What is happening to South Cambridgeshire's population

  Growing population

  In 2013, there was an 25% increase in applications for national insurance numbers, the proportion of people aged 65 or over is expected to reach 29% of the population by 2031 which means an increased demand on health and housing
• What are the causes of these changes

  The population of 150,000 is increasing due to migration into the area from the city area of Cambridge, other parts of the UK and Eastern Europe
• What are the social impacts of South Cambridgeshire's increasing population

  -80% car ownership on narrow rural roads is leading to congestion and pollution

  -commuters who still work in Cambridge are using services there rather than local ones

  -young people are being priced out of the housing market
• What are the economic impacts of South Cambridgeshire's increasing population

  -reduction in primary industry as farmers sell their land to housing developers who are offering attractive prices

  -lack of affordable housing

  -high petrol prices

  -increasing number of migrants putting pressure on services
• How has the population of The Outer Hebrides changed

  Declining population

  overall decline of 50% of its population since 1901

  a decline of younger ages, rise in older ages so an ageing population

  has a population of 27,000 (5xless than South Cambridgeshire)
• What are the causes to The Outer Hebrides' declining population

  younger people choosing to live elsewhere due to lack of job opportunities, entertainment and education opportunities
• What are the social impacts of The Outer Hebrides declining population

  -school closures are likely due to the falling number of school aged children

  -local economy is reliant on farming and can only provide work for 2days a week- as a result people are leaving the area for work
• What are the economic impacts of The Outer Hebrides' declining population

  -fewer people of working age resulting in less taxes being paid

  -tourism can provide opportunities for development but infrastructure cannot support increased numbers

  -ageing population leading to issues with health care and housing population