Memory

• Memory

  • the cognitive process of encoding , storing, and retrieving information and experiences. The ability to acquire, retain, and recall certain skills, events, and past experiences
• Encoding

  • The process of transforming sensory information or experiences into a format that can be stored and received. Involves attention, perception, and initial processing of info.
• Storage

  • Refers to the retention of encoded information over time. Involves the formation and maintenance of memory traces or representations in the brain
• Retrieval

  • Process of assessing and bringing stored information back into consciousness
• Sensory Memory

  • Initial stage of memory where sensory information from the environment is briefly registered. Holds a lot of information for a very short duration
• Short-term Memory (STM)

  • A.k.a. Working memory. Responsible for temporarily holding and manipulating information. Has limited capacity and a relatively short duration if not rehearsed
• Long-term Memory (LTM)

  • Stage where information can be stored for an extended period. Has potentially unlimited capacity and a relatively permanent duration.
• Types of Long-Term Memory:

  Declarative Memory

  • Refers to memory for facts, events, and knowledge that can be consciously recalled and verbally expressed.
  • Semantic Memory (General Knowledge)
• Types of declarative memory:

  Semantic Memory (General Knowledge)

  Episodic Memory (Personal Experiences)
• Types of long-term memory:

  Procedural Memory

  • Memory for skill, habit, motor action
  • Involves learning and retention of how to perform certain skills
• Types of long-term memory:

  Implicit Memory

  • Memory that influences our behavior or cognitive processes without conscious awareness
  • Includes priming, classical conditioning, and other non-conscious forms of memory
• Attention

  • Fundamental cognitive process that determines which information gets selected and processed in short-term memory.
• Rehearsal

  • Cognitive process of continuously repeating or mentally reviewing information to maintain in STM. It helps prevent the decay of information from STM that can aid in its transfer to LTM
• Chunking

  • Cognitive process that involves grouping individual pieces of information into larger more meaningful units.
• Retrieval

  • Process of accessing and recalling the information from STM.
• Types of Retrieval:

  1. Recognition

  • Involves identifying previously encountered information

  1. Recall

  • Retrieving information from memory w/o external cues