Nerve Cells and Glia cells

• Long-term memory is a type of memory that stores information for a long period of time, potentially indefinitely.
• Perception refers to how we interpret and make sense of the information we receive from

  our environment.
• Depth cues are visual cues or pieces of information that our brain uses to perceive depth and distance in the visual environment.
• Monocular Depth Cues: Monocular cues are depth cues that can be perceived with just one eye.
• Binocular Depth Cues: Binocular cues are depth cues that require the use of both eyes.
• Bottom-up Processing: also known as data-driven processing, refers to the perception process that starts with the analysis of individual sensory stimuli and builds up to form a

  complete perception.
• Nerve cells (neurons) - are the fundamental units of the nervous system. They are specialized cells that transmit electrical and chemical signals throughout the body.
• Neurons transmit their energy, or “talk” to each other across a tiny gap called Synapse
• Neurons has many arms called dendrites that act like antennae picking up messages from other nerve cells.
• These messages are passed to the cell body (soma) which determine if the message should be passed along.
• Important messages are passed to the end of the axon where sacs containing neurotransmitters open into the synapse
• Neurotransmitter molecules across the synapse and fit into special receptors on the receiving nerve cell, which stimulates that cell to pass on the message
• Cell body - contains the nucleus and other cellular organelles. Main part of the neuron. Responsible for the overall functioning of the neuron.
• Dendrites Branch-like extension that extend from the cell body receives incoming signals from other neurons and transmits them towards the cell body.
• Axon terminal/synaptic terminal - at the end of the axon. Form connections or synapses with other neurons. These synapses allow the transmission of signals from one neuron to another.
• Axon - single long extension which carries electrical impulse away from the body. Axons are Covered by protective layer called myelin sheath which facilitates faster signal transmission
• Axons are covered by a fatty substance called Myelin sheath which forms a protective sheath.
• Specialization of Neurons:

  • Neurons exhibit a remarkable degree of specialization: ● Sensory neurons - transmits information from sensory receptors to the central nervous system ● Motor neurons - Carries signals from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands (response movements) ● Interneurons - connect various neurons within the central nervous system
• Glia cells - Glia (Greek word meaning glue) are the cells of the brain that provide neurons with nourishment, protection, and structural support. Also called support cells of the brain, provide essential support and protection for neurons
• Astroglia/ astrocyte - are the caretakers. They Regulate the blood brain barrier allowing nutrients and molecules to interact with neurons . Controls hemostasis (balance), neuronal defense and repair, scar formation and also affects electrical impulses
• Oligodendroglia cells - creates a fatty substance called myelin that insulates axon allowing electrical messages to travel faster
• Ependymal cells - line the ventricles and secrete cerebrospinal fluid.
• Microglia cells - are the brain's immune cells, protecting it from invaders and cleaning up debris. They also prone synapses
• Types of Glia:

  1. Astroglia
  2. Oligodendroglia Cells
  3. Ependymal Cells
  4. Microglia Cells