A-level Psychology

• Who conducted the conformity study in 1958?

  Asch
• What are the three types of conformity identified by Asch?

  • Compliance: Temporary behavior change
  • Identification: Change in behavior and private values with group
  • Internalization: Permanent change in personal opinions
• What drives normative social influence (NSI)?

  Desire to be liked and avoid rejection
• What drives informational social influence (ISI)?

  Desire to be correct when uncertain
• What was the overall conformity rate in Asch's critical trials?

  32%
• What percentage of participants conformed at least once in Asch's study?

  75%
• How did group size affect conformity in Asch's study?

  Conformity increased with more Confederates
• What happened to conformity when one Confederate gave the correct answer?

  Conformity dropped to 5.5%
• How did task difficulty affect conformity in Asch's study?

  Increased ambiguity led to increased conformity
• What is a limitation of Asch's study regarding NSI and ISI?

  It's difficult to separate their influences
• What did Parin and Spencer (1981) suggest about Asch's findings?

  They lack temporal validity
• What did Bond's meta-analysis find about conformity in collectivist cultures?

  Higher rates of conformity
• What is a criticism of Asch's task regarding realism?

  Lacks mundane realism
• Who conducted the Stanford Prison Experiment?

  Zimbardo
• What were the roles assigned in the Stanford Prison Experiment?

  • Guards: Given authority and control
  • Prisoners: Experienced realistic arrest and confinement
• What happened to the prisoners during the Stanford Prison Experiment?

  They showed signs of stress and submission
• What was a significant ethical concern in the Stanford Prison Experiment?

  Participants experienced psychological harm
• What is the agentic state according to Milgram?

  Belief that one is not responsible for actions
• What is the legitimacy of authority?

  Acceptance of authority in social hierarchy
• What was the maximum voltage used in Milgram's obedience study?

  450 volts
• What happened to obedience rates when the professor's proximity changed?

  Obedience dropped to 21%
• How did the location of the study affect obedience rates?

  Obedience dropped to 47.6% in rundown area
• What was the effect of changing the professor's uniform on obedience?

  Obedience dropped to 20%
• What methodological flaw is criticized in Milgram's research?

  Lacks mundane realism
• What did Hofling's study demonstrate about obedience?

  High obedience in a real hospital setting
• What did Sheridan and King (1972) find in their study?

  54% of males and 100% of females shocked the puppy
• What was the obedience rate in Bman’s field experiment?

  89%
• What does a uniform symbolize in terms of authority?

  A visible symbol of legitimacy of authority
• What is the non-US obedience rate found in the Milgram study?

  65.9%
• What ethical criticisms are associated with the Milgram study?

  Causing distress and deception
• What methodological criticisms are associated with the Milgram study?

  Lacking ecological validity and mundane realism
• What are demand characteristics in the context of the Milgram study?

  Participants guessing shocks are not real
• What did Hofling's 1966 study reveal about nurse obedience?

  21 out of 22 nurses obeyed orders
• What does high ecological validity mean in the context of Hofling's study?

  It was conducted in a real hospital
• What percentage of males and females gave the highest shock level in Sheridan and King's 1972 study?

  54% of males, 100% of females
• What does the term "visible symbol of legitimacy" refer to in Bman’s 1974 study?

  Uniforms provide authority recognition
• What is the authoritarian personality according to Adorno?

  A personality shaped by strict parenting
• What questionnaire did Adorno use to study the authoritarian personality?

  The F-scale (fascism scale)
• What factors does the F-scale measure?

  Authoritarian submission and uncritical attitude
• How did Elms and Milgram's 1966 study relate obedience to the F-scale?

  Obedient males scored higher on the F-scale