14.1.1.2 Role of adrenaline and noradrenaline

• When are adrenaline and noradrenaline released?

  During the fight-or-flight response
• What are adrenaline and noradrenaline classified as?

  Hormones
• What hormone does the pituitary gland secrete during the fight-or-flight response?

  ACTH
• What hormones are released by the adrenal medulla?

  Norepinephrine and epinephrine
• Which part of the adrenal gland is activated by the sympathetic nervous system?

  Adrenal medulla
• If a patient had damage to the greater splanchnic nerve, how would this affect their body?

  Reduced sympathetic innervation to the abdominal viscera
• What happens to blood pressure when adrenaline is released?

  Blood pressure increases
• What is the combined action of adrenaline and noradrenaline in emergency situations?

  Prepares body for physical power and mind for focus
• What substances are released by the adrenal medulla during stress?

  Adrenaline and noradrenaline
• What does the hypothalamus trigger in response to stress?

  Activation of the sympathetic nervous system
• What is the name of the structure labeled as "Kidney"?

  Kidney
• What do the impulses from the sympathetic nervous system activate?

  Glands and smooth muscles
• What are the overall effects of adrenaline on the body during fight-or-flight?

  • Increased oxygen supply
  • Faster reflexes
  • Extra energy from glucose
• What effect does adrenaline have on the liver?

  Glucose release
• What physiological response does adrenaline trigger during fight-or-flight?

  Increased heart rate
• What part of the brain activates the sympathetic nervous system?

  Hypothalamus
• What is the name of the structure labeled as "Celiac ganglion"?

  Celiac ganglion
• What is the effect of the stress response system on the bronchioles?

  Dilation of bronchioles
• What is the name of the system described in the image?

  Stress response system
• How does the vagus nerve contribute to the SAM pathway?

  • Activates the adrenal medulla
  • Connects from the medulla oblongata
• What are the key components of the stress response system?

  • Hypothalamus
  • Adrenal glands
  • Catecholamines
  • Increased heart rate
  • Dilation of bronchioles
  • Conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver
  • Decreased digestive system activity
• What is the primary role of noradrenaline in the body?

  To ensure the body remains vigilant
• What is the function of the celiac ganglion?

  Integrates and relays sympathetic signals to the abdominal viscera
• How do the nervous and endocrine systems interact during the fight-or-flight response?

  • The hypothalamus (nervous system) initiates the response by activating both the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal-cortical system
  • The sympathetic nervous system directly stimulates the adrenal medulla
  • The endocrine system (CRF, ACTH, norepinephrine, epinephrine) amplifies and sustains the response
• What is the role of the hypothalamus in the stress response system?

  It increases the heart rate
• Why are the physiological effects of adrenaline important during fight-or-flight?

  They prepare the body for immediate action
• What effect does noradrenaline have on blood pressure?

  It raises blood pressure
• What is the name of the nerve shown in the image?

  • Vagus nerve
• What are some potential negative effects of chronic activation of the stress response system?

  • High blood pressure
  • Weakened immune system
  • Digestive issues
  • Anxiety and depression
  • Increased risk of heart disease
• How are adrenaline and noradrenaline released into the body?

  Directly into the bloodstream
• How can the stress response system be beneficial in the short-term?

  • Provides a burst of energy and focus to respond to a threat
  • Increases blood flow and oxygen supply to muscles
  • Diverts resources away from non-essential functions like digestion
  • Prepares the body to fight or flee a dangerous situation
• What system does the hypothalamus activate in the fight-or-flight response?

  Sympathetic nervous system
• How does adrenaline affect the lungs during fight-or-flight?

  It widens the bronchioles
• What is the role of adrenaline in the fight-or-flight response?

  To prepare the body for immediate action
• How do adrenaline and noradrenaline differ in their effects during the fight-or-flight response?

  Adrenaline provides physical power, noradrenaline enhances focus
• How does the stress response system prepare the body to respond to a stressful situation?

  • Increases heart rate to pump more blood
  • Dilates bronchioles to allow more oxygen intake
  • Converts glycogen to glucose to provide energy
  • Decreases digestive system activity to divert resources
  • Releases catecholamines to activate the sympathetic nervous system
• What effect does adrenaline have on the body?

  Accelerates heartbeat and increases energy
• What is the SAM pathway associated with?

  Fight-or-flight response
• The hypothalamus activates which system by releasing CRF?

  Adrenal-cortical system
• What are the effects of noradrenaline on different body systems?

  • Brain: Increased attention and vigilance
  • Heart: Elevated heart rate
  • Blood vessels: Constriction, raising blood pressure
  • Liver: Small glucose release