COPD

• what does COPD stand for

  chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• what are the two types of COPD

  emphysema and chronic bronchitis
• what is emphysema

  is a lung condition that effects the alveoli. the can become every weak which could cause them to rupture.
• what causes emphysema and bronchitis

  smocking and industrial pollution or dusts. the reason for this is because it destroys the lung tissues as it causes irritation in the airway causing inflammation.
• what is bronchitis

  is inflammation in the airway and usually last around 3 weeks and is usually caused caused by infection. however chronic brochities is long term and the inflammation will not go down.
• symptoms of COPD

  •Shortness of breath- due to the airway being swollen which makes it harder to breath and less oxygen can be taken in meaning they need to breath more.

  •A chronic cough that may produce mucus-the air sacs no longer bounce back to their original shape. The airways can also become swollen or thicker than normal, and mucus production might increase

  •Frequent respiratory infections- the is due the body already producing t cell before the infection as when get a bacterial infection the t cells are not to work properly leading to a higher risk of the infection becoming worse
• why does people with COPD lose weight

  Unintended weight loss is usually in later stages. In people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), energy requirements have been reported to be 15–20% above normal needs due to the increased energy required for breathing. People with COPD are generally underweight and have reduced muscle mass.
• spirometry

  this help to show how well your lungs work. you will need to breath into a machine called spirometer. the spirometer takes two types of measurement the volume of air you can breath and the second is the total amount of air your can breath. this shows your lung capacity and if it lower than average it could be a sign of COPD
• x ray

  If you have a hyperinflated lung (the lung appear larger than normal) and can be seen by x-ray. this is due to lungs decrease in elasticity as the lungs expand, they are not able to return to their original shape as they have lost their elasticity. Over time it makes the lung much large than it should be. if it is primary chronic bronchitis it may not show on the X-ray.
• why is the diaphragm lower

  diaphragm is lower and flatter than it should be this is a result of he muscle fiber type changes from fast twitch muscle to slow twitch muscle and the pulmonary hyperinflation shortens the length of diaphragm muscle.
• blood tests

  They might also do blood test as patients with are usually anaemic(have low iron) this is due to patients have a lower appetite so their diet might not have as much iron as needed. They might also be erythrocytosis (a high number of red blood cells in the blood) this is due to exercise-related desaturation, acts as a trigger for the release of immature cell. They might also due a genetic test of the gene alpha-1-antitrypsin as it also indicated if they have COPD.
• lifestyle stage

  Currently there is no cure for COPD however there is treatment that can slow the progression of it. One key thing patients will have to do is a quit smoking this is one of the most effective was to prevent COPD or the progression of COPD. By quitting smoking, you cannot reverse the damage from COPD, but it does stop any further damage. If COPD is at an early stage that might be the other form of treatment needed however it is key to stop at any stage.
• short acting bronchodilator inhaler

  Short-acting bronchodilator inhalers beta-2 agonist inhalers and antimuscarinic inhalers with are an Anticholinergics which are used to widen the airway by blocking the cholinergic nerves which are responsible for cognition and perception. These types of inhaler are cannot be taken more than 4 times a day
• Long-acting bronchodilator inhalers

  they are similar to Short-acting bronchodilator inhalers however the dosage is meant to last for 12 hours so they can only be used 2 times a day. They are normally made from a combination of long-acting beta-2 agonist and antimuscarinic which widen the airway.
• label this

  A) nurse

  B) nurse and pharmacist

  C) physio

  D) dietitian

  E) speech and language