Disease and Immune Response

• What is the main topic discussed in Chapter 12, according to the video?

  Communicable diseases
• What two types of immune responses are discussed in the video in relation to Chapter 12?

  Nonspecific and specific
• According to the video, how many parts are there to the immune response?

  Four
• What are the four parts of the immune response, according to the video?

  • Inflammation
  • Phagocytosis
  • Cell mediated response
  • Humoral response
• According to the video, what follows the four parts of the immune response?

  Stopping the immune response
• What are the physical defenses mentioned as primary defenses?

  Skin, sebum, mucus, scab, acid
• What is the role of acid in the stomach, according to the video?

  To kill pathogens in food
• What is the initial response that occurs if pathogens bypass the primary defenses and enter the body?

  Inflammation
• What type of cells are activated at the start of an infection, initiating inflammation?

  Mast cells
• What two chemicals are released by mast cells upon activation?

  Histamines and cytokines
• What is the major effect of histamine on blood vessels?

  Dilation and increased permeability
• What is the other term used for the dilation of blood vessels?

  Vasodilation
• Which two symptoms of inflammation are directly caused by vasodilation?

  Localized heat and redness
• Why does localized heat help in combating pathogens?

  Slows down pathogen reproduction
• What is the purpose of making blood vessels more leaky during inflammation?

  To increase tissue fluid
• Why does increased tissue fluid contribute to the symptoms of swelling and pain?

  Squishing pain receptors and more fluid
• What role do cytokines play in the inflammatory response?

  Attract phagocytes
• What is the second stage of the immune response after inflammation, according to the video?

  Phagocytosis
• What are the two types of phagocytes mentioned in the video?

  Neutrophils and macrophages
• What does the suffix "-cyte" generally refer to?

  A cell
• What is the structural difference in the nucleus of a neutrophil compared to a macrophage?

  Neutrophils have a lobed nucleus
• What characteristic of neutrophils allows them to squeeze through blood vessel gaps?

  Lobed nucleus
• Which type of phagocyte primarily stays in the bloodstream, according to the video?

  Macrophages
• What specialized vesicle do both neutrophils and macrophages contain?

  Lysosome
• What is the function of lysosomes inside phagocytes?

  Contains hydrolytic enzymes
• What is another name for the group of enzymes found in lysosomes that digest pathogens?

  Lysozymes
• What are lysozymes a mixture of?

  Proteases, lipases, and carbohydrases
• What is the purpose of having proteases, lipases, and carbohydrases in lysosomes?

  Digest proteins, lipids, carbohydrates
• Which structure does a macrophage have that a neutrophil does not?

  MHC
• What does MHC stand for?

  Major histocompatibility complex
• What is the role of MHC in macrophages?

  Turn cell into antigen presenting cell
• What is the primary function of neutrophils in the immune response?

  Engulf and digest pathogens
• Why can a macrophage take longer to digest a pathogen compared to a neutrophil?

  Because it presents antigens
• What chemical tag can mark pathogens for easier engulfment by macrophages?

  Opsonins
• What is the role of opsonins in phagocytosis?

  Tag pathogens for engulfment
• What specific action does a macrophage perform to engulf a pathogen?

  Extends cell membrane and cytoskeleton
• What term should be used instead of "eat" when describing a macrophage taking in a pathogen?

  Engulf
• What is the vesicle containing the engulfed pathogen called?

  Phagosome
• What is the general term for a vesicle?

  Some
• What does a phagosome fuse with to digest the pathogen?

  Lysosome