Geography

• The Quaternary period is the most recent period, lasting from 2.6 million years ago to the present.
• Marine sediment cores are extracted from the deep ocean for carbonates, composition of water and gases.

  
• Ice core samples can be taken from glaciers or ice sheets to determine past climate conditions.
• Air bubbles trapped in ice cores can show the climate history.
• The effects of climate change are increased temperatures, rising sea levels, the decay of ice and glaciers and shifts in migration patterns.

  
• Sea level rise is caused by melting land ice and thermal expansion due to warming oceans.
• Natural causes of climate change are orbital cycles, volcanic activity, solar activity, and changes in ocean circulation.
• Milankovitch cycles describe the collective changes of the Earth movement over the years

  
• Obliquity is the angle of the Earth's orbit around the sun.
• Eccentricity refers to the shape of the Earth's orbit around the Sun.
• Precession describes how the axis of rotation moves through space.
• Rio de Janiero is located on the South-Eastern coast of Brazil.
• Some problems in Rio de Janeiro include housing, healthcare, education and water supply

  
• Favelas are a type of informal housing. They are built on the outskirts of cities and are often in poor conditions.

  
• What is the largest Favela?

  The Rocinha favelas with a population of 15,000-60,000.
• The Bairro project in Rio aimed to improve the lives of the poor in the Rocinha favelas, with new infrastructure & materials, sewage systems and electricity.
• Collison plate boundaries - two plates move towards each other and the plates are pushed upwards, to create fold mountains.
• Conservative plate boundaries: Where two plates slide past each other, creating pressure in the mantle, this creates an earthquake.
• Oceanic crust is thinner, lighter, younger and denser.

  Continential crust is thicker, older and less dense.