1.ANATOMY ATLAS

• Anatomical Position is the position of a person standing upright with the feet flat on the floor, arms at the sides, and the palms and face directed forward.
• Anatomical Planes are real or imaginary slices called sections or planes.
• The sagittal plane passes vertically through the body or an organ and divides it into right and left portions.
• The sagittal plane that divides the body or organ into equal halves is also called the median (midsagittal) plane.
• The head and pelvic organs are commonly illustrated on the median plane.
• Other sagittal planes parallel to the median plane divide the body into unequal portions and are sometimes called parasagittal planes.
• The frontal plane extends vertically, but it is perpendicular to the sagittal plane and divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
• A frontal section is a section cut along the frontal plane.
• Principal organs of the female reproductive system include the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands.
• The principal functions of the male reproductive system are the production and delivery of sperm and the secretion of sex hormones.
• Principal organs of the male reproductive system include the testes, epididymides, spermatic ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands, and penis.
• The principal functions of the female reproductive system are the production of eggs, site of fertilization and fetal development, fetal nourishment, birth, lactation, and the secretion of sex hormones.
• The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and ganglia.
• The principal functions of the nervous system are rapid internal communication, coordination, motor control, and sensation.
• The quadrant scheme is often used to describe the site of an abdominal pain or abnormality.
• The axial region of the body consists of the head, neck (cervical region), and trunk.
• The abdominal region can be divided into quadrants.
• The trunk is further divided into the thoracic region above the diaphragm and the abdominal region below it.
• The abdomen can also be divided into nine regions defined by four lines that intersect like a tic-tac-toe grid.
• Each vertical line in the tic-tac-toe grid is called a midclavicular line because it passes through the midpoint of the clavicle (collarbone).
• Two perpendicular lines intersecting at the umbilicus (navel) divide the abdomen into a right upper quadrant (RUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), and left lower quadrant (LLQ).
• The superior horizontal line in the tic-tac-toe grid is called the subcostal line because it connects the inferior borders of the lowest costal cartilages (cartilage connecting the tenth rib on each side to the inferior end of the sternum).
• Cardiac tamponade occurs when the pericardium squeezes the heart, preventing it from refilling between beats.
• The peritoneal cavity is the space between the parietal and visceral layers.
• Organs that are encircled by peritoneum and connected to the posterior body wall by peritoneal sheets are described as intraperitoneal.
• The visceral peritoneum is also called a mesentery at points where it forms a translucent, membranous ATLAS A General Orientation to Human Anatomy 33.
• The abdominopelvic cavity contains the rectum, urinary bladder, urethra, and reproductive organs.
• Some organs of the abdominal cavity lie against the posterior body wall and are covered by peritoneum only on the side facing the peritoneal cavity.
• The parietal peritoneum turns inward and becomes another layer, the visceral peritoneum, suspending certain abdominal viscera from the body wall, covering their outer surfaces, and holding them in place.
• The outer layer of the peritoneum, the parietal peritoneum, lines the cavity wall.
• The abdominopelvic cavity contains a two-layered serous membrane called the peritoneum.
• Cardiac tamponade can be caused by a heart wall weakened by disease or a penetrating injury, or by diseased hearts that seep serous fluid into the pericardial sac.
• The peritoneal cavity is lubricated by peritoneal fluid.
• Pleurisy occurs when serous fluid or air accumulates in the pleural cavity, causing collapse of a lung.
• Peritonitis is an inflammation of the peritoneum, a critical, life-threatening condition necessitating prompt treatment.
• The human body has 11 organ systems and an immune system, which is better described as a population of cells that inhabit multiple organs rather than as an organ system.
• Potential spaces between body membranes are spaces that may separate and create a space filled with fluid or other matter.
• The organ systems are classified in the following list by their principal functions, but this is an unavoidably flawed classification.
• Some organs belong to two or more systems, for example, the male urethra is part of both the urinary and reproductive systems; the pharynx is part of the respiratory and digestive systems; and the mammary glands can be considered part of the integumentary and female reproductive systems.
• The anterior posterior direction in the human body is defined by the 2nd lumbar vertebra, fat kidney, parietal peritoneum, inferior vena cava, liver, back muscles, spinal cord, renal vein and artery, aorta, peritoneal cavity, posterior mesentery, intestine, visceral peritoneum, small intestine, greater omentum, duodenum, and serosae.