studies

• Who was Stanley Milgram?

  A psychology professor at Yale University
• What was Milgram's interest related to the Holocaust?

  Understanding why Nazi soldiers committed atrocities
• What justification did Nazi members often give at the Nuremberg Trials?

  They were merely following orders
• What did Milgram theorize about obedience in the Nazi hierarchy?

  It was a cascade of obedience among normal people
• What was the aim of Milgram's experiment?

  To investigate the extent of obedience
• How did Milgram recruit participants for his study?

  Through a newspaper advertisement
• How many male participants were involved in Milgram's study?

  40 male participants
• Why did Milgram exclude students from his study?

  He found them fundamentally different in a pilot study
• What design did Milgram's study use?

  Independent measures design
• What type of data did Milgram collect?

  Quantitative and qualitative data
• What was the maximum voltage of the electric shock in Milgram's experiment?

  450 volts
• What did the Confederate learner claim to have?

  A heart condition
• What was the purpose of the electric shock generator?

  To simulate administering shocks to the learner
• What was the first voltage level participants were instructed to use?

  15 volts
• How did the researcher enhance the realism of the shock generator?

  By creating realistic electrical sounds
• What were the verbal prods used for during the experiment?

  To encourage participants to continue administering shocks
• What happened when the learner refused to continue after 300 volts?

  The researcher instructed the participant to continue
• What was a common reaction among participants when administering shocks?

  Extreme tension and physical discomfort
• How many participants displayed uncontrollable seizures?

  Three participants
• What was one conclusion drawn from Milgram's experiment?

  Ordinary people follow orders causing harm
• Why did participants obey the experimenter according to Milgram?

  They viewed him as a legitimate authority
• What was a significant ethical issue in Milgram's study?

  Participants believed they were harming someone
• What did Milgram argue about the deception used in his study?

  It was necessary for the experiment's function
• How did Milgram justify the difficulty of withdrawing from the study?

  It was necessary to study obedience
• What did Bakaro et al. study focus on?

  The process of disobedience and whistleblowing
• What is whistleblowing?

  Reporting wrongdoings in an organization
• What were Bakaro et al.'s key questions about disobedience?

  Who disobeys, why, and their characteristics
• How many participants were in Bakaro et al.'s main study?

  149 undergraduate students
• What personality inventories were used in Bakaro et al.'s study?

  HEXACO and Social Value Orientation
• What was the average age of participants in Bakaro et al.'s study?

  20.8 years old
• How were participants recruited for Bakaro et al.'s study?

  Via volunteer sampling from flyers
• What are the main findings of Milgram's obedience study?

  • 65% of participants administered 450 volts
  • 100% continued to 300 volts
  • Participants displayed extreme tension and discomfort
  • Some participants had uncontrollable seizures
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of Milgram's study?

  Strengths:

  • High control over variables
  • Significant findings on obedience

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Ethical concerns about deception
  • Limited generalizability due to sample
• What are the implications of Bakaro et al.'s study on disobedience?

  • Explores characteristics of whistleblowers
  • Investigates moral decision-making processes
  • Builds on Milgram's findings about authority
• What sampling method was used to recruit participants in the study?

  Volunteer sampling
• Why is the study described as a controlled observation?

  There was no independent variable present
• What were the two main dependent variables in the study?

  Obedience/disobedience and personality scores
• What does the HEXACO-P inventory measure?

  Six dimensions of personality
• What are the six dimensions measured by the HEXACO-P inventory?

  Honesty, humility, emotionality, extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness
• What does the Social Value Orientation (SVO) measure?

  Individualistic vs. pro-social preferences