Mental Health

• Despite the availability of effective treatment, a person with mental health disorders may not seek help due to various factors like social stigma or other reasons related to their belief.
• Despite progress in some countries, people with mental health conditions often experience severe human rights violations, discrimination, and stigma.
• Mental health conditions can be effectively treated at relatively low cost, yet the gap between people needing care and those with access to care remains substantial.
• Possible factors that may contribute to mental health problems are financial difficulties, unemployment, work–related stress, family issues such as marital discord, poor parenting, and other environmental factors.
• Social factors in the Bio-psychosocial Approach refer to the role of society on our health.
• Fear, worry, and stress are normal responses to perceived or real threats, and at times when we are faced with uncertainty or the unknown.
• Poor coping skills and social support can worsen the situation ones mental health further worsen one’s mental health.
• The Engel Model, developed by Engel in 1977 and 1980, includes Biological, Psychological, and Social factors.
• According to the WHO, depression is the leading cause of disability.
• 1 in 3 Malaysians have mental health issues, with highest prevalence among those aged 16-19 years as well as those from low income families.
• Institute of Mental Health is a mental health institution in Singapore.
• Effective treatment coverage remains extremely low.
• The National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) conducted by the Ministry of Health (MOH) in 2015 revealed that the prevalence of mental health problems among those 16 years and above is 29.2%.
• Determinates of health according to Dahlgren & Whitehead include income, employment, education, housing, social class, and social support.
• Biological factors in the Bio-psychosocial Approach relate to genetic aspects of physiological functioning.
• Suicide is the second leading cause of death among 15-29-year-olds.
• Psychological factors in the Bio-psychosocial Approach include behaviour, mental processes such as cognition, emotions, and motivation.
• Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. 
• The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."
• Holistic approach: Not just mental health needs

  • Physical, emotional, social & spiritual wellbeing experience of mental illness and
  • a path to recovery that is influenced by their age, gender, culture, heritage, language, faith, sexual and gender identity, relationship status, life experience and beliefs.´
• Emotional well-being covers many aspects

  • Medical
  • Psychological
  • Social
  • Behavioural
  • Lifestyle
• Bio-psychosocial Approach: A model that emphasizes the interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors in the development of mental disorders.
• ´Biological factors: relate to genetic , aspects of physiological functioning
• Psychological factors : behaviour and mental processes eg cognition, emotions motivation.
• Social factors : the role of society on our health
• Biopsychosocial Model Engel, (1977,1980)

  • Bio: viruses, bacteria
  • Psycho: behaviour, beliefs, coping, stress, pain
  • Social: class, employment, ethnicity
• Mental Health: Your general state of well-being & state of mind. something that should be looked after
• Mental Illness: something that disrupts your mental state and interrupts how you feel, think, communicate and behave
• Determinants of Health

  • income and social status
  • social support networks
  • employment and working conditions
  • physical environments
  • education
  • healthy child development
  • biology and genetic endowment
  • health services
  • personal health practices and coping skills