TOPIC 2

• Mental health problems:

  • Can affect anyone of any age & background
  • Impact upon family, friend & careers
  • Mental health problems result from a complex interaction of biological, social & psychological factors
• • Major life events such as:
  • Bereavement
  • Relationship breakdowns
  • Serious illnesses
  • Another example is the COVID-19 pandemic
• Common mental health problems include:

  • Anxiety (including phobias)
  • Obsessive compulsive disorder
  • Adjustment disorders
  • Mood disorders
  • Depression
• Mental Illness: an illness that causes disturbance in a person's thinking and perception. Can be severe & seriously interfere with an individuals life & relationships
• Media is considered to be an important influence on community attitudes towards mental illnesses.
• Negative media images promote negative attitudes towards mental health.
• Mental health problems encompass a range of experiences & situations and are often viewed as a continuum of experience from well being to a severe & enduring mental illness.
• Mental health problems can affect anyone of any age & background and impact upon family, friend & carers.
• Mental health problems result from a complex interaction of biological, social & psychological factors.
• Cyberbullying includes sending, posting, or sharing negative, harmful, false, or mean content about someone else and can include sharing personal or private information about someone else causing embarrassment or humiliation.
• James initially became interested in weight training during high school and developed a muscular physique, but felt ashamed of his lack of musculature and wore baggy trousers and loose t-shirts to hide his body.
• Prevalence of Cyberbullying among Students in Malaysian Higher Learning Institutions was found to be 66% with females being more likely to be victims and the most common platforms being Facebook and mobile phone social apps.
• Cyberbullying is bullying that takes place over digital devices like cell phones, computers, and tablets and can occur through SMS, Text, and apps, or online in social media, forums, or gaming where people can view, participate in, or share content.
• Cyberbullying is a concern because it can be persistent, permanent, and difficult to notice.
• Consequences of low self-esteem include avoidance strategies, social isolation, health compromising coping behaviours such as smoking, excessive alcohol, and drug abuse, relationship problems, and low self-esteem and mental health problems as reinforcement.
• Some cyberbullying crosses the line into unlawful or criminal behaviour.
• Effects from cyberbullying found that most of the victims became over sensitive to their surroundings and developed emotional changes.
• James developed acne from using steroids and suffered injuries from pushing weights that were too heavy.
• Major life events such as bereavement, relationship breakdowns, serious illnesses, and the COVID-19 pandemic can contribute to mental health problems.
• Common mental health problems include anxiety (including phobias), obsessive compulsive disorder, adjustment disorders, mood disorders, and depression.
• Mental illness is an illness that causes disturbances in thinking and perception and can be severe & seriously interfere with an individuals life & relationships.
• Mental health is one of many factors and neither mental health nor physical health exists separately.
• The quality of an individuals mental health is influenced by idiosyncratic individual factors & experiences, family relationships, community, culture, attitudes.
• Learning by the process of strengthening a behaviour by reinforcing it or weakening it by punishing it is known as operant conditioning, as proposed by Skinner in 1938.
• Operant behaviour is modified by its consequences.
• Causes of low self-esteem can include childhood experiences, personality and temperament, and excessive stress.
• Influences on self-esteem include competence, social feedback, and parents warm and democratic secure attachments in infancy.
• Self esteem is a belief about yourself that may be positive or negative, and includes attractive, slim, overweight, bad tempered, and happy.
• Reinforcers are consequences that cause a specific behaviour to increase, while punishers are consequences that cause behaviour to decrease.
• Behaviour is shaped by either positive or negative reinforcement, with positive reinforcement being a reward and negative reinforcement being a punishment.
• In the Skinner Box, the behaviour of a food deprived rat is initially spontaneous and random, as the rat is active and exploring its environment.
• Dogs had a natural reflex to salivate when food was presented, which Pavlov referred to as an unconditioned response.
• Food was the unconditioned stimulus and salivation was the unconditioned response.
• Consequences of low self esteem can include depression, anxiety, and poor self worth.
• Self Image relates to how you see yourself and incorporates features such as age, gender, name, and also includes how you would describe your personality.
• Pavlov demonstrated classical conditioning by the ringing of a bell just before feeding the dogs, where the bell was a neutral stimulus and salivation did not occur.
• Skinner believed that operant conditioning was a very powerful way of shaping behaviour and that most human and animal behaviour is learned through the process of operant conditioning.
• Operant conditioning proposed by Buurhus Skinner suggested that learning takes place through the consequences of our behaviour.
• Behaviours are not emitted as the rat is not responding to any stimulus in the environment.
• Operant conditioning shapes behaviour as a sculptor shapes a lump of clay, as per Skinner.