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• ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the main energy source that cells use for most of their work.
• Most vapes contain seriously addictive levels of nicotine.
• ADP (adenosine diphosphate) is a molecule that ATP becomes when it gives up one of its three phosphate groups.
• Chemical energy available to do work is referred to as free energy.
• Substrate level phosphorylation is the enzyme-mediated direct transfer of phosphate from another molecule (the substrate) to ADP.
• Reduction is the gain of electrons by a chemical reactant; any reduction is accompanied by an oxidation.
• Cellular respiration is the catabolic pathways by which electrons are removed from various molecules and passed through intermediate electron carriers to O2, generating H2O and releasing energy.
• Aerobic respiration requires molecular oxygen, O2.
• The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, is a part of cellular respiration whereby acetyl CoA is oxidized to carbon dioxide and hydrogen atoms are stored as NADH and FADH2.
• Pyruvate is a three-carbon compound that forms as an end product of glycolysis.
• NADH is a reduced electron carrier molecule formed during cellular respiration.
• Krebs cycle is another name for the citric acid cycle.
• Acetyl CoA is a molecule formed from the oxidation of pyruvate (2C compound).
• FADH2 is a reduced coenzyme similar to NADH, an electron carrier.
• Anaerobic respiration occurs without the use of molecular oxygen, O2.
• Fermentation, when speaking specifically about energy metabolism, is the anaerobic degradation of a substance such as glucose to smaller molecules such as lactic acid or alcohol with the extraction of energy.
• Fermentation, when speaking generally, refers to metabolic processes that occur in the absence of O2.
• Lactic acid fermentations are anaerobic series of reactions that convert glucose to lactic acid, in some bacteria and animal cells.
• Alcoholic fermentation is an anaerobic series of reactions that convert glucose to ethyl alcohol (ethanol) and carbon dioxide in some plants and yeast cells.
• Photosynthesis is a metabolic process carried out by green plants and cyanobacteria, by which visible light is trapped and the energy used to convert CO2 into organic compounds.
• Light reactions are the initial phase of photosynthesis, in which light energy is converted into chemical energy.
• Pigment is a substance that absorbs visible light.
• Photoautotrophs use sunlight as their energy source.
• Kinetic energy: Energy associated with relative motion of objects.
• Calvin cycle: a series of enzyme-assisted chemical reactions that produces a three-carbon sugar from 3 CO2.
• Induced fit model: states that the enzyme and substrate undergo conformational changes to interact fully with one another.
• Exergonic reaction: a reaction that proceeds with a net release of free energy.
• Autotroph: an organism that is capable of living exclusively on inorganic materials, water, and an energy source other than the chemical bonds of organic compounds.
• Thermal energy: Kinetic energy associated with the random movement of molecules or atoms.
• Catalyst: a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.
• Enzyme-substrate complex: when an enzyme binds to its substrate, it forms the active site, a pocket or groove on the surface of the enzyme where a substrate can bind.
• Denature: characteristic of proteins; a change in shape that stops the protein from functioning.
• Chemoautotrophs use oxidation of inorganic compounds as their energy source.
• Amylase: an enzyme that can break the bonds of starch to form the carbohydrate monomer, glucose.
• Free energy: measures the portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system, as in a living cell.
• Noncompetitive inhibitor: a chemical that binds to an enzyme but not in the active site.
• Substrate: the substance an enzyme catalyzes, changes.
• Enzyme: a protein that speeds up reactions.
• Chemical Energy Potential energy trapped in molecular bonds.
• Feedback inhibition/negative feedback: a metabolic pathway is switched off by the inhibitory binding of its end product to an enzyme that acts early in the pathway.