part3

• The ulna and radius also exist in the frog’s arm, just as it does in human.
• Shoulder blades of frogs, which come in sets of two. Also called scapulae, the shoulder blades within both frogs and humans combine with clavicles (collarbones), providing additional support for the movement of the arms.
• Frog feet consist of five different toes
• frog’s toes are much longer than those of humans. Frogs’ front toes are also much longer and only consisting of four toes.
• ANIMALS HAVE TWO KINDS OF SKELETON

  1. Exoskeleton ↳ includes the hardened portion such as the feathers, fur, hair, scales, claws, and nail among others.
  2. Endoskeleton ↳ consists of bone and/or cartilage and accessory tissues (tendons, ligaments).
• BONES OF THE BODY CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS:

  1. Axial skeleton ↳ which comprises of: i) bones of the head (skull); and ii) bones of the trunk, which include the vertebral column, and thorax.
  2. Appendicular skeleton ↳ which comprises: i) the bones of the paired limbs, namely the forelimbs and the hindlimbs; and ii) the pectoral (shoulder) and pelvic girdles.
• “Skull” as used in this work includes the structures known as the neurocranium or braincase.
• Skull - Houses the brain and the cranial nerves.
• DORSAL ASPECT Part 1

  Mesethmoid ↳ a short median bone at the extreme end of the braincase

  Nasals ↳ paired triangular bones in the ethmoid region covering the nasal capsules.

  Frontoparietal ↳ paired elongated bones posterior to the nasals.

  Prootics ↳ small paired bones bordering the otic capsules dorsally and frontally, resting on the posterior part of the endo skeletal pattern.

  Exoccipitals ↳ large paired bones occupying the rear end of the skull, defining the foramen magnum, through which the spinal cord runs.
• DORSAL ASPECT Part 2

  Premaxillae ↳ small V-shaped paired bones at the extreme cephalic end of the maxillary arch.

  Maxillae ↳ elongated tooth-bearing bone lying behind the premaxillae.

  Quadratojugals ↳ elongated non-tooth-bearing bone behind the maxilla.

  Squamosals ↳ triradiate, hammer-shaped bones lying at the postero-lateral end of the skull.
• VENTRAL ASPECTS Part 1

  . Vomers ↳ paired irregular bones in the ethmoidal region and forming the floor of the nasal capsules.

  Palatines ↳ spindly, paired bones with expanded ends, forming cross-bridges between the sphenethmoid and the inner border of the maxilla.

  Sphenethmoid ↳ frontal part if the neurocranium lying along each side of the parasphenoid.

  Parasphenoid ↳ dagger-shaped bone lying ventral to the fronto-parietals.

  Exoccipitals ↳ paired bones at the rear end of the skull, their borders defining the foramen magnum.
• VENTRAL ASPECT Part 2

  Otic capsules ↳ rounded structures lying lateral to the rear end of the parasphenoid bone. They contain the organ of hearing and balance.

  Columella or Stapes ↳ a tiny bone abutting against the otic capsule, comprising the niddle ear ossicle of the frog.

  Pterygoids ↳ paired, irregular tripartite, their three arms forming attachments for the hind end of the maxillary arch.

  Quadrates ↳ paired short bones each wedged between the posterior extremities of the quadratojugal and the pterygoid.