Nucleophilic substitution

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What are the characteristics of nucleophiles
All have a lone pair
Donates lone pair to form form a covalent bond between nucleophile and carbon atom
what is a nucleophile
electron pair donor
Describe the mechanism of the hydrolisis of a haloalkane via nucleophillic substitution
hydroxide ion acts as a nucleophile
hydroxide bonds to the opposite side of the halogen to minimise repulsion
C-Cl bond breaks and halogen gains the electron pair
Halide ion leaves the haloalkane bc hydroxide has bonded
What is the product of hydrolysis via nucleophillic substitution
forms an alcohol + halide ion
Where does the reaction get hydroxide ions from
reaction uses aqueous solution of hydroxide ions (e.g NaOH, KOH)
Why is an ethanol solvent used
Solubilises the haloalkane so it can react with OH- ions
why is the reaction heated under reflux
to increase the rate

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Cards (7)

Nucleophilic substitution

6.1.2 Electrophilic substitution reactions

6.9 Integrating Using Substitution

Applying the substitution method:

3.3.10.2 Electrophilic Substitution Reactions

3.2.5.3 Ligand Substitution and Stability

6.6 Integration by Substitution

5.5.2 Ligand substitution reactions

6.13 Integrating Using Trigonometric Substitution

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