circulatory system

• Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body.
• The functions of the circulatory system include carrying oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and sometimes waste products such as carbon dioxide.
• The circulatory system is composed of blood, the vascular system, heart, blood vessels, and blood components such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
• The heart is a crucial component of the circulatory system, responsible for carrying blood through blood vessels, exchanging nutrients, waste products, and gases with tissues, and helping to regulate blood pressure.
• The circulatory system helps to maintain body homeostasis by directing blood flow to tissues and exchanging substances with tissues.
• Blood is the transporting fluid of the body, composed of plasma (55%), formed elements (45%), and blood components such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
• Plasma is a liquid portion of blood without its cellular elements, characterized by a clear extracellular matrix, and contains different proteins such as albumin, globulin, fibrinogen, prothrombin, and serum.
• Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy is named after an apical ballooning syndrome or stress cardiomyopathy.
• When a patient has hypertension, it increases the rate of development of arteriosclerosis.
• Broken Heart Syndrome, also known as Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy, is a temporary heart condition brought on by stressful conditions.
• If arteriosclerosis is developed, it will increase the probability of blood clot and the blood vessel will rupture.
• Symptoms of Broken Heart Syndrome include sudden chest pain and shortness of breath.
• People with Broken Heart Syndrome may experience sudden chest pain or think they are having a heart attack.
• Formed elements are 45% of blood, composed of 1% buffy coat and 99% RBCs, including erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and thrombocytes (platelets).
• Red blood cells are biconcave shaped, have no nucleus, cytoplasm densely filled with hemoglobin, and a lifespan of 120 days.
• White blood cells are the body’s natural defense against injury and disease, have nuclei and no pigment, and can be categorized based on the density of their cytoplasmic granules into granulocytes and agranulocytes.
• Granulocytes have obvious granules, have a polymer thick nuclei with two or more lobes, and examples include neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil.
• Agranulocytes have a few or no granules, do not have a specific granules, and have azurophilic granules (the lysosomes).
• White blood cells can also be categorized based on their function into phagocytes.
• Elastic arteries have the largest diameter and the thickest wall among all arteries.
• The aorta and the common carotid arteries are examples of elastic arteries.
• Femoral triangle is an area susceptible to serious traumatic injuries that result in hemorrhage and nerve damage.
• Examples of muscular arteries include the brachial artery, renal artery, and femoral artery.
• The walls of the veins are much thinner than those of the arteries because they do not have to withstand such high internal pressures.
• Arterioles are the smallest artery that delivers blood to capillaries.
• The pulse can be detected easily on the thumb (radial) side of the anterior surface of the wrist.
• Locations where the pulse can be felt include the temporal artery, carotid artery, brachial artery, radial artery, femoral artery, popliteal artery, and dorsalis pedis artery.
• Elastic arteries, also known as the conducting arteries, expand as blood surges into them and recoil when ventricles relax.
• Major arteries branching off the iliac arteries include the internal iliac artery, external iliac artery, femoral artery, popliteal artery, anterior tibialis artery, and posterior tibialis artery.
• Types of veins include large veins, medium-sized veins, and venules which collect blood from capillaries and drain into veins.
• Principal arteries include the common carotid artery, internal carotid artery, axillary artery, brachial artery, radial artery, and femoral artery.
• The heart is located posteriorly between the 2nd costal cartilage and the 6th costal cartilage.
• Principal veins include the external jugular vein, internal jugular vein, brachiocephalic vein, and vena cava.
• The heart is divided into two parts: the base, which is the broadest part of the upper right.
• Veins carry deoxygenated blood away from the capillaries to the heart.
• Iliac arteries supply pelvic organs including the thigh and the lower extremities.
• Muscular arteries, also known as the Distributing arteries, are medium-sized and have a small diameter.
• The sound we hear when taking the blood pressure using the sphygmomanometer and stethoscope is called Korotko sounds.
• Hypertension requires the heart to work harder than normal.
• Hypertension is a major risk factor of heart disease, stroke and heart failure and can also lead to kidney damage.