PST

Cards (154)

  • Sigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856, in Freyberg town, Czech Republic.
  • Sigmund Freud graduated from medical faculty, University of Vienna in 1881.
  • Sigmund Freud was officially recognized in 1896.
  • Sigmund Freud released “interpretation of dreams” in 1900.
  • Sigmund Freud died on September 23, 1939, in Hampstead house.
  • Sigmund Freud believed that the mind is responsible for both conscious and unconscious decisions based on drives and forces.
  • Sigmund Freud believed people are "simply actors in the drama of their own minds, pushed by desire, pulled by coincidence".
  • Sigmund Freud believed that the unconscious level of mental life, containing all the feeling, urges or instinct that are beyond our awareness, but it affects our expression, feeling, action, is the source of our motivation.
  • The Jonah complex is the fear of one's own greatness, the evasion of one's destiny, or the avoidance of exercising one's talents.
  • Maslow refined the definition of self-actualization, studied other people, and changed the syndrome until he was satisfied that he had a clear definition of self-actualization.
  • The Jonah complex is the fear of success which prevents self-actualization, or the realization of one's potential.
  • The Jonah complex is often characterized by a person seemingly running away from their destiny, based on the Biblical Jonah, who tried to escape his fate.
  • Just as the fear of achieving a personal worst can motivate personal growth, the Jonah complex can also hinder achievement, and prevent self-actualization.
  • Other researchers have developed personality inventories for measuring self-actualization, the most widely used of which is Everett Shostrom's Personal Orientation Inventory (POI), a 150-item forced-choice inventory that assesses a variety of self-actualization facets.
  • Sigmund Freud believed that the preconscious level of mental life, where facts are stored in a part of the brain, which are not conscious but are available for possible use in the future, is a crucial part of the mind.
  • Sigmund Freud believed that the conscious level of mental life, which is the awareness of our own mental process, is the only level of mental life that is directly available to us.
  • The structure of personality consists of three parts: Id, Ego, and Superego.
  • The Id, which is the part of the unconscious that seeks pleasure, is the part of the mind, which holds all of human’s most basic and primal instincts, and is the impulsive, unconscious part of the mind that is based on desire to seek immediate satisfaction.
  • Vygotsky's theories stress the fundamental role of social interaction in the development of cognition.
  • The "zone of proximal development" is the gap between what a child knows and what they do not yet know.
  • If all people are equal, then you and I must be equal.
  • Hypothetico - deductive reasoning - ability to plan systematic tests to explore multiple variables
  • Separating reality from possibility - directions of thinking about reality and possibility reverses
  • Children with cognitive disabilities do not successfully complete all of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development.
  • The "more knowledgeable other" is a person who has greater knowledge and skills than the learner.
  • For many adolescents, hypothetico - deductive thinking leads to an outlook called navie idealism.
  • Reflective thinking - thinking about your own thinking
  • The preoperational child will slowly move away from egocentrism and be able to view things from physical or emotional perspectives of others.
  • Vygotsky claimed that infants are born with the basic abilities for intellectual development called 'elementary mental functions' (Piaget focuses on motor reflexes and sensory abilities).
  • Concrete operational child can be inductive reasoning - arrive at a conclusion based on experience.
  • Combinational logic - thinking about multiple aspects and combining them logically to solve problems
  • Socio-Cultural Theory (Lev Vygotsky) views human development as a socially mediated process in which children acquire their cultural values, beliefs, and problem-solving strategies through collaborative dialogues with more knowledgeable members of society.
  • Abstract thought - thought about things that are not real or tangible
  • Reality is thought of as only one of many possible outcomes
  • The B values, which stand for beliefs, values, and assumptions, are a key factor in whether or not someone steps over the threshold from esteem to self-actualization.
  • Love and belongingness needs, including the desire for friendship, the wish for a mate and children, and the need to belong, can also include the need to give and receive love, and those who have had these needs fulfilled at an early age do not panic when denied love.
  • Maslow's theory of motivation rests on five assumptions: a holistic approach, complex motivation, continual motivation, the same basic needs for all people, and a hierarchy of needs.
  • Self-actualization needs include self-fulfillment, the realization of all one's potential, and the desire to become creative in the full sense for the word, and can also be described as self-discovery, self-realization, self-exploration and self-reflection.
  • Maslow believed less than 1% of the adult population ever reached the stage of self-actualization, with most people hovering in the lower level.
  • Esteem needs, which result from the satisfaction of love needs and include self-confidence and the recognition that we have a positive reputation, are real confidence opposed to others’ opinions, and once people meet their esteem needs, they stand on the threshold of self-actualization.