Hematology

• Anemias due to nutritional deficiencies are usually macrocytic with low MCV values.
• The most common cause of anemia is iron deficiency.
• Iron-deficiency anemia can be caused by chronic blood loss, poor dietary intake or absorption, increased demand (pregnancy), or decreased supply (malabsorption).

  
• Megaloblastic anemia is another type of macroyctic anemia that occurs when the body cannot produce enough healthy red blood cells because it lacks vitamin B12 or folate.
• Iron-deficiency anemia is characterized by hypochromia (pale red cells) and microcytosis (small RBC size).
• The most common cause of anemia is iron-deficiency anemia, which can be caused by poor dietary intake or increased blood loss.
• Hemolytic anemias result from premature destruction of RBCs.
• Increased red cell destruction occurs when the spleen removes RBCs from circulation faster than they can be replaced.
• Hemolytic anemia may result from autoimmune hemolysis, hereditary spherocytosis, sickle cell disease, thalassemia, G6PD deficiency, and other causes.
• Thrombocytopenia refers to a decrease in platelet count below normal levels.
• Leukopenia refers to a decrease in white blood cell count below normal levels.
• Increase in reticulocytes indicates regenerative response to anemia.
• Reticulocytosis may occur as part of normal physiologic processes such as during pregnancy or following hemorrhage.
• Autoimmune hemolytic anemia is characterized by antibodies against self-antigens on RBC membranes that lead to their premature removal from circulation.
• Increased blood loss may occur from menstruation, gastrointestinal bleeding, or other sources.
• Anemia due to hemorrhage results from acute bleeding.
• Chronic inflammation can also lead to anemia through various mechanisms such as hepcidin production, impaired iron release from macrophages, and reduced erythropoiesis.
• Reticulocytosis may also indicate pathological conditions like hemolysis, bone marrow stimulation, or myelodysplasia.
• Hepcidin inhibits ferroportin, leading to decreased iron export from enterocytes and macrophages into plasma.
• Aplastic anemia is a rare disorder where bone marrow fails to make sufficient numbers of all types of blood cells.
• Thrombocytopenia is a condition with low platelet count.
• The size of a metamyelocyte stage is 10-15 um.
• The N/C ratio of a metamyelocyte stage is decreased.
• The chromatin of a metamyelocyte stage is coarse.
• The nucleus of a metamyelocyte stage becomes in a dented shape and is clumped.
• Granules are present in the cytoplasm of a metamyelocyte stage, which are tertiary and secondary in nature.
• The cytoplasm of a metamyelocyte stage is uniformly pink and makes up 3-20% in a juvenile cell.
• The enzyme peroxidase can be found in neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
• Mast cells are similar in appearance to eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils.
• Segmented neutrophils in the circulating pool last for 7-10 hours.
• The circulation time of red blood cells is 7-10 hours.
• Go hra is a circulating white blood cell with a lifespan of 3 days.
• Creola bodies are seen in patients with paraneoplastic autoimmune inflammatory inpitation (paraneoplastic encephalitis).
• Curschmann's spiral is seen in patients with allergic reactions (asthma).
• The results of Charcot-Leyden crystals indicate the disintegration of increased number of eorinophils.
• The maturation time of red blood cells is 18 hours.
• Charcot-Leyden crystals are related to the eosinophil.
• The granules found in the matured eosinophils are secondary lipid.
• The mature basophil has a smaller nucleus and fewer granules than the immature basophil.
• The primary azurophilic granules of the neurophil and essinophil contain coarse clumped chromatin.