FOR

• Factorial Designs are experimental setups examining the impact of multiple independent variables on dependent variables to explore individual and combined effects systematically.
• Research, guided by the scientific method, involves formulating hypotheses, conducting experiments, and systematically refining knowledge through iterative processes, emphasizing systematic approaches, rigorous methods, and continuous improvement.
• Research is a structured enquiry that utilizes acceptable scientific methodology to solve problems and create new knowledge that is generally applicable.
• Scientific methods are more formal, rigorous, verifiable, and general valid than everyday generalizations.
• Research serves as the catalyst for new discoveries supporting truth, aiding in understanding complex phenomena, informing decision-making, enhancing university teaching, fostering business improvement, guiding policy creation, and addressing societal or organizational challenges on local, national, regional, and international levels.
• Funded research aligns with national development plans, emphasizing relevance, responsiveness to societal needs, and practical utilization of generated data for organizational improvement.
• Empirical, systematic, and controlled, utilizing hypotheses for guided investigation, analytical through critical data analysis, and objective, unbiased, and logical in deriving findings from transformed numerical measures using quantitative or statistical methods.
• Research is classified based on application (Basic, Applied, Developmental), objectives (Descriptive, Non-Causal, Causal, Exploratory), and inquiry mode (Structured, Unstructured, Mixed), with additional distinctions in research designs (Experimental, Quasi-experimental, Non-experimental).
• A thesis is academic research proving or disproving theories, contributing to theoretical knowledge, while a feasibility study assesses the practical application and viability of the thesis's basic idea in real-world terms.
• Challenges in research include selecting a focused and appropriate topic, choosing the correct methodology aligned with research questions, and obtaining quality research material from academic journals and university libraries.
• The null hypothesis serves as a statement of equality, acting as a starting point and benchmark for measurement.
• APA Reference Citation involves listing references alphabetically, using the author’s last name.
• Writing Bibliographic Entries is essential for essays or papers, it's an alphabetized list of sources at the end of the work, ensuring credibility and allowing verification of information.
• Population, Sample and Sampling Techniques involve the entire group under study or a subset of the population used to represent the whole.
• Examples of research hypotheses include comparing average scores of 9th and 12th graders on a memory test, with the null hypothesis indicating no difference (H0) and the research hypothesis indicating a difference (H1).
• Non-Scientific Sampling Techniques include Incidental/Accidental Sampling, Convenience Sampling, Purposive Sampling, Snowball/Network Sampling, and Quota Sampling.
• Literature Defined is a compilation of written works distinguished by author intent and aesthetic excellence, categorized by language, origin, period, genre, or subject matter.
• In contrast, the research hypothesis is a statement of inequality, suggesting differences or relationships.
• Two primary types of hypotheses are the null hypothesis (H0) and the research hypothesis (H1).
• Sampling Techniques include Scientific Sampling Techniques such as Simple Random Sampling, Systematic Sampling, Stratified-Random Sampling, Cluster Sampling, and Multi-Stage Sampling.
• Review of Related Literature Formats include Narrative, Systematic (Meta-analysis and Meta-synthesis), Argumentative, Integrative, and Theoretical.
• Quantitative Research Design is a systematic investigation of a phenomena by gathering quantifiable data and performing statistical, mathematical, or computational techniques.
• The Thesis Title and Writing Chapter One should be crafted using precise, jargon-free language, avoiding abbreviations, including keywords, reflecting the research focus, adhering to grammar and style, and following formatting guidelines.
• Research hypotheses can be non-directional (no specified direction) or directional (indicating a specific direction of difference).
• The parts of Chapter 1 include the Introduction, Background of the Study, Theoretical Framework, Conceptual Framework, Statement of the Problem/Objectives, Hypothesis, Assumptions, Significance of the Study, Scope and Limitation of the Study, and Definition of Terms.
• Writing Chapter 2 and APA Reference Citation involves crafting a brief, clear, and relevant title using precise, jargon-free language, avoiding abbreviations, including keywords, reflecting the research focus, adhering to grammar and style, and following formatting guidelines.
• Research is a systematic process involving the discovery of gaps in existing knowledge, formulation of specific research questions and hypotheses, and the execution of surveys, experiments, and data analysis.
• Research topics can be derived from published materials, grey literature, current affairs, guidance from supervisors and mentors, scholarly events, national and international development blueprints, calls for research papers, and suggestions from past research projects indicating areas for future exploration.
• A good research topic is characterized by clarity, ensuring a single, easily understandable interpretation, directional focus, and an unambiguous nature.
• Ethics in research involves the principles, both explicit and implicit, guiding moral distinctions between good and bad, right and wrong.
• Follow-up Research Design examines participants over an extended period to observe changes or effects after an initial study or intervention, providing insights into long-term outcomes and trends.
• Post-test-Only Control Group Design compares two groups — one assessed before and after experimental treatment, and another only assessed twice — to enhance internal validity in experimental studies.
• Time-Series Design involves the repeated measurement of the same group or individual over an extended period to observe changes and trends, often used to assess the impact of an intervention or treatment across different time points.
• Types of Quantitative Research Design under Descriptive Category employ surveys for varying subjects, quantitatively describes real-life situations, analyzes and divides subjects, classifies entities, and compares unmanipulated variables.
• Sociometric Research Design analyzes social relationships within a group or community, often using surveys or interviews to understand social structures, interactions, and connections among individuals, contributing to insights into social dynamics.
• Solomon Four-Group Design combines elements of both experimental and control group designs, incorporating pretests and posttests for two separate groups to enhance the validity of the experimental findings.
• Pretest-Post-test Design involves measuring the outcome variables both before and after an intervention or treatment, allowing researchers to assess changes over time and establish causality.
• Square Design is a research design where various sequences of treatments or conditions are systematically assigned to different participants or groups to control for order effects and enhance the internal validity of the study.
• Counter-Balanced/Latin Design is a research design where various sequences of treatments or conditions are systematically assigned to different participants or groups to control for order effects and enhance the internal validity of the study.
• Developmental Research Design investigates changes and growth patterns over time in individuals or groups, exploring factors influencing development, commonly used in psychology and education.