Left Realism

• Lea and Young 1993: differences in offending in official crime statistics reflects real differences in levels of offending by different ethnic groups.
• Lea and Young 1993: Police often act in racist ways, resulting in the unjust criminalisation of minority groups.
• Police stereotype Asian and Black people differently, describing Black people as aggressive and Asians as passive. Furthermore, Asian stereotype of ‘passivity’ has been changed due to 9/11, reflected in rising criminalisation of Asians. 
• Lea and Young 1993: Response to marginalisation by Black unemployed to commit utilitarian crime. Marginalisation creates non-utilitarian crime due to having no organisation to represent their interests despite their marginalisation.