HESI A2 Anatomy and Physiology

• What is histology?

  The study of tissues
• What is a tissue?

  A group of cells that act together to perform a specific function.
• What are the fundamental tissues?

  EpithelialConnectiveMuscleNerve(Elephants Can Make News)
• What is the function of epithelial cells?

  Cover, line, and protect the body and the internal organs.
• What is the function of connective tissue?

  Framework of the body. Provides support and structure to organs.
• What is neuroglia?

  The neurons and connective tissue cells that compose nerve tissue.
• What ability does muscle tissue have?

  Ability to contract and shorten.
• What is muscle tissue classified as?

  Voluntary(skeletal muscles) and involuntary(smooth & cardiac)
• What is meiosis?

  The cell division that takes place in the gonads, i.e. the ovaries and testes.
• What two layers compose the skin?

  Epidermis and dermis.
• What is the epidermis?

  The outermost protective layer of dead keratinized epithelial cells.
• What is the dermis?


  The underlying layer of connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve endings, and the associated skin tissues.
• What are the layers of the epidermis?

  CorneumLucidumGranulosumGermivatum ( basale & spinosum)Mnemonic: Candy Lions Growl Great.

  
• What does the protein pigment melanin protect against?

  Radiation from the Sun
• What is the dermis composed of?

  Fibrous connective tissue with nerve endings, blood vessels, sensory nerve endings, hair follicles, and glands.
• What are the 2 types of sweat glands?

  ecrine & apocrine
• What do ecrine sweat glands produce?

  Sweat. Regulate body temperature.
• What do apocrine sweat glands produce?

  Secretions contain bits of cytoplasm from cells, attracting bacteria that produces body odor.
• What do sebaceous glands secrete?

  They secrete sebum through the hair follicles, which lubricates the skin and prevents drying.
• What secretion produces oil?

  Holocrine secretion.
• What are sebaceous glands prone to during adolescence?

  Becoming clogged and attracting bacteria.
• What protein composes the hair and skin?

  Keratin
• What makes the body's framework?

  Bone, cartilage, ligaments & joints.
• What are the functions of the skeletal system?

  Support, movement, blood cell formation, protection of internal organs, detoxification, muscle attachment, mineral storage. A MIME BATHED SEALS SINGING "MY PONY"
• How are bones classified?

  By shape.LongShortflatirregularsesamoidLEMURS SING SALSA FOR INDIANS
• What is the name for the cells that compose compact bone?

  Osteoblasts
• What occurs to osteoblasts when they become fixed in the dense bone matrix?

  They stop dividing but continue to maintain body tissues as osteocytes.
• How many bones make up the axial skeleton?

  28 bones of the skull. 14-facial, 14-cranium.

  
• How many bones make the facial skeleton?

  2 nasal bones2 maxillary bones2 zygomatic bones1 mandible2 palatine bones1 vomer2 lacrimal bones2 inferior nasal bones

  
• What are the bones of the cranium?

  single occipitalfrontalethmoidsphenoidpaired parietaltemporal ossicles
• What bone structures are in the ossicles (ears) ?

  malleus, incus, stapes
• How many bones make the skeletal column?

  33 bones

  
• How many cervical vertebrae in the skeletal column?

  7
• How many thoracic vertebrae in the skeletal column?

  12
• How many lumbar vertebrae?

  5
• How many sacral vertebrae?


  5
• How many coccygeal vertebrae?

  1-the tailbone
• What makes up the final part of the axial skeleton?

  the thoraxthe sternum12 pairs of ribs.
• What makes up the appendicular skeleton?

  the bones of the girdle and limbs
• What bones make the upper appendicular skeleton?

  pectoral & shoulder girdleclaviclescapula upper extremities