MEMORY

• Memory is the process by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.
• Memory systems include sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
• Sensory memory involves holding information from the world in its original sensory form for only an instant, not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses.
• Echoic memory, iconic memory, haptic memory, olfactory memory, and gustatory memory are types of sensory memory.
• Short-term memory is a limited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for only for only as long as 30 seconds unless strategies are used to retain it longer.
• Moods and attitudes can affect prospective memory, with depressed individuals being less likely to push to remind themselves to do what they intend to do.
• Retrograde amnesia is the inability to remember events that occur prior to physical trauma.
• Retrospective and prospective memory are influenced by age-related decline, which is more related to speed of cognitive processing than loss of information.
• Anterograde amnesia is the inability to remember events that occur after physical trauma.
• Other causes of amnesia include Korsakoff’s Syndrome and Alzheimer’s Disease.
• Short-term memory can store information for a longer time with the use of strategies such as chunking and rehearsal.
• Chunking is the process of taking individual pieces of information and grouping them into larger units.
• A grouping of stimuli that is perceived as a discrete piece of information is referred to as a chunk.
• Long-Term Memory is a relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information for a long time, covering explicit memory and implicit memory.
• Explicit Memory is memory for specific information that can be stated or declared, including recall of factual information such as dates, words, faces, events, and concepts.
• Retroactive interference occurs when new learning interferes with the retrieval of old learning.
• Memory Retrieval involves finding the information in storage and then bringing it to awareness or consciousness, with two typical forms being recall and recognition.
• Explicit Memory includes types such as episodic memory, which are memories of things that happen to us or take place in our presence, and autobiographical memories.
• Implicit Memory is memory that is suggested (implied) but not plainly expressed, as illustrated in the things that people do but do not state clearly, including memory of how to perform a procedure or skill.
• Proactive interference occurs when older learning interferes with the capacity to retrieve more recently learned material.
• Prospective Memory is remembering to do things in the future, which may fail due to preoccupation or distraction.
• Interference in Short-Term Memory occurs when attention to distracting information interferes with the storage of information in Short-Term Memory.
• Prospective Memory Tasks include habitual tasks, which are easier to remember than occasional tasks, event-based tasks, which are triggered by events, and time-based tasks, which are performed at a certain time or after a certain time has elapsed.
• Retrospective Memory is the recall of information previously learned, including episodic, semantic, and implicit memories.
• Appearance of new information in Short-Term Memory displaces old information.
• Rehearsal is the conscious repetition of information, often verbal, giving the impression of an inner voice but it can also be visual or spatial, giving the impression of an inner ear.
• The stages of memory consists of encoding, storage and retrieval
• Divided Attention – Concentrating on more than one activity at the same time.
• Sustained Attention (Also called Vigilance) – The ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time.
• Executive Attention – The ability to plan action, allocate attention to goals, detect errors and compensate for them, monitor progress on tasks, and deal with novel or difficult circumstances. 
• Elaboration - The formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at a given level of memory encoding.
• Self-reference:

  simply relating material to your own experience. 
• Imagery: Visualizing material that we want to remember in ways that we create a lasting portrait. 
• Storage: It encompasses how information retained over time and how this information is represented in memory. 
• Atkinson-Shiffrin Theory: States that memory storage involves three separate systems; sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory. 
• Sensory Memory: This involves holding information from the world in its original  sensory form for only an instant, not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses.
• SENSORY MEMORY

  • Echoic memory
  • Iconic memory
  • Haptic emory
  • Olfactory memory
  • Gustatory memory
• Short-Term Memory: Is a limited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for only for only as long as 30 seconds unless strategies are used to retain it longer. 
• Chunking and Rehearsal are example of short-term memory storage
• rehearsal

  • The conscious repetition of information. 
  • It is often verbal, giving the impression of an inner voice but it can also be visual or spatial, giving the impression of an inner ear.