INTRO TO PSYCH

• Memory is the process by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.
• Memory systems include sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
• Sensory memory involves holding information from the world in its original sensory form for only an instant, not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses.
• Echoic memory, iconic memory, haptic memory, olfactory memory, and gustatory memory are types of sensory memory.
• Anterograde amnesia is the inability to remember events that occur after physical trauma.
• Retrospective and prospective memory are influenced by age-related decline, which is more related to speed of cognitive processing than loss of information.
• Moods and attitudes can affect prospective memory, with depressed individuals being less likely to push to remind themselves to do what they intend to do.
• Retrograde amnesia is the inability to remember events that occur prior to physical trauma.
• Korsakoff’s Syndrome and Alzheimer’s Disease are other causes of amnesia.
• Short-term memory is a limited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for only for only as long as 30 seconds unless strategies are used to retain it longer.
• Short-term memory can store information for a longer time with the use of strategies such as chunking and rehearsal.
• Chunking is the process of taking individual pieces of information and grouping them into larger units.
• A grouping of stimuli that is perceived as a discrete piece of information is referred to as a chunk.
• Rehearsal is the conscious repetition of information, often verbal, giving the impression of an inner voice but it can also be visual or spatial, giving the impression of an inner ear.
• Memory Retrieval involves finding the information in storage and then bringing it to awareness or consciousness, with two typical forms being recall and recognition.
• Explicit Memory includes types such as episodic memory, which are memories of things that happen to us or take place in our presence, and autobiographical memories.
• Implicit Memory is memory that is suggested (implied) but not plainly expressed, as illustrated in the things that people do but do not state clearly, including memory of how to perform a procedure or skill.
• Long-Term Memory is a relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information for a long time, covering explicit memory and implicit memory.
• Proactive interference occurs when older learning interferes with the capacity to retrieve more recently learned material.
• Retroactive interference occurs when new learning interferes with the retrieval of old learning.
• Prospective Memory Tasks include habitual tasks, which are easier to remember than occasional tasks, event-based tasks, which are triggered by events, and time-based tasks, which are performed at a certain time or after a certain time has elapsed.
• Retrospective Memory is the recall of information previously learned, including episodic, semantic, and implicit memories.
• Explicit Memory is memory for specific information that can be stated or declared, including recall of factual information such as dates, words, faces, events, and concepts.
• Prospective Memory is remembering to do things in the future, which may fail due to preoccupation or distraction.
• Appearance of new information in Short-Term Memory displaces old information.
• Interference in Short-Term Memory occurs when attention to distracting information interferes with the storage of information in Short-Term Memory.