James II

• When did James become king?

  1685
• How was James' personality described?

  Authoritarian and inflexible
• What was James' stance on opposition?

  Regarded all opposition as treason
• What was James' religious affiliation?

  Catholic
• What did James want to do for Catholics?

  Give them power and improve their position
• What was the concern regarding James' rule?

  He would improve the position of Catholics
• Why did James inherit a strong position?

  He had not done anything 'wrong'
• What was the Tory majority's stance on James?

  They advocated for him not to be excluded
• What did James want to achieve with his kingdom?

  A new kingdom similar to 1626
• How did James treat opposition?

  As treason
• What laws did James want to repeal?

  Test and Corporation acts
• Who led a rebellion in Scotland in 1685?

  Earl of Argyll
• What was the outcome of the Earl of Argyll's rebellion?

  It failed
• What did James do after the rebellion in Scotland?

  Appointed Catholics to powerful positions
• Who plotted a rebellion in the west of England?

  Duke of Monmouth
• What did Monmouth declare himself as?

  King
• What happened at Sedgemoor?

  The rebels were crushed by the standing army
• What was the fate of Monmouth after the rebellion?

  He was executed
• What were the consequences of the rebellion for the rebels?

  250 were sentenced to death, 800 transported
• What were the 'bloody assizes'?

  Judicial proceedings led by Judge Jefferies
• What were the reasons for the failure of the rebellions?

  Military weakness and lack of support
• Who was Jack Ketch?

  The executioner of Duke of Monmouth
• What was notable about Monmouth's execution?

  It took multiple chops to behead him
• How did James' first Parliament primarily consist?

  Mainly made up of Tories
• What financial support did Parliament provide James?

  £2 million a year
• What did Parliament agree to extend for James?

  His army to 20,000 troops
• What was the concern regarding James appointing Catholic army officers?

  It might bring loyalty solely to the monarchy
• What action did James take after Parliament protested?

  Prorogued Parliament after less than 2 weeks
• What was the significance of Gooden vs Hales (1686)?

  A test case of James' power
• Who was Hales?

  A Catholic who served in the army
• What did James do before the trial of Hales?

  Removed six judges to ensure a favorable judgement
• What was the outcome of the trial regarding Hales?

  Judgement was in James' favour
• What happened in July 1686 regarding the Privy Council?

  Four Catholics were appointed to it
• How did Tory Anglicans react to James' actions?

  They did not support his actions
• What did James issue to preachers?

  A declaration forbidding attacks on Catholics
• What did James set up to enforce his control?

  'Absolutist lawyers'