DEVPSYCH

• Cerebral cortex - outer layer of the cerebrum responsible for higher cognitive functions such as perception, memory, language, and consciousness
• Limbic System - group of structures located deep within the brain involved in emotions, motivation, learning, and memory
• Dendrites receive messages from other neurons and pass them on to the cell body.
• Hippocampus - important for learning and memory formation
• Amygdala - involved in emotional processing and fear responses
• Pituitary Gland - produces hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, reproduction, and stress response
• Hypothalamus - regulates homeostasis (internal balance) by controlling bodily functions like hunger, thirst, sleep, and sex drive
• Thyroid Gland - releases thyroxine which controls metabolic rate and energy production
• Neurons have three main parts: dendrites receive messages, the cell body contains genetic material, and axon carries messages away from the cell body.
• The brain is divided into three main parts: cerebrum, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata.
• Different types of neurons include sensory neurons, motor neurons, interneurons, and glial cells.
• Biological influences believes that biological factors that seem particularly relevant to the development of maladaptive behavior 
• maladaptive behavior includes (1) genetic vulnerabilities, (2) brain dysfunction and neural plasticity, (3) neurotransmitter and hormonal abnormalities in the brain or central nervous system, (4) temperament.
• biological

  Studies examining the genetic contribution to General Anxiety Disorder, although Kendler and colleagues confirmed that what seems to be inherited is the tendency to become anxious rather than GAD itself. In support of this finding, heritability has been found for a particular trait, called anxiety sensitivity, which is the tendency to become distressed in response to arousal related sensations, arising from beliefs that these anxiety-related sensations have harmful consequence. This is evidence for which influence?
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  A traumatic ride on a Ferris wheel at a young age was most likely to have been the initial cause of Juanita’s fear of heights. Her strong emotional reaction to heights is likely to maintain or even increase her fear. The initial development of the phobia is likely a result of behavioral influences;
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  A traumatic ride on a Ferris wheel at a young age was most likely to have been the initial cause of Juanita’s fear of heights. Her strong emotional reaction to heights is likely to maintain or even increase her fear. Emotional influences are likely perpetuating the phobia.
• In performing treatments, the Person-centered therapy with unconditional positive regard. This is a treatment with what corresponding psychological theory of behavior:

  humanistic theory
• Classical conditioning, systematic desensitization, and operant conditioning. These are treatments with what corresponding psychological theory of behavior: behavioral model
• According to Behavioral Model, punishment as a consequence is relatively ineffective in the long run and that the primary way to develop new behavior is to positively reinforce desired behavior. This is best explained by B.F Skinner in his works on Operant Conditioning?
• The humanistic model contributed a little new information in the field of psychopathology. One reason for this is that its proponents, with some exceptions, had little interest in doing research that would discover or create new knowledge. Rather, they stressed the unique, nonquantifiable experiences of the individual, emphasizing that people are more different than alike.
• Hypnosis, psychoanalysis-like free association and dream analysis, and balance of the id, ego, and superego. This is a treatment with what corresponding psychological theory of behavior: Psychoanalytic Theory
• According to Psychoanalytic Theory, neuroses is considered as a nonpsychotic psychological disorders resulted from underlying unconscious conflicts, the anxiety that resulted from those conflicts, and the implementation of ego defense mechanisms.
• A son’s hostility toward his father may masquerade itself in the form of ostentatious affection. In an undisguised form, the hostility would create too much anxiety for the son. Which of the following defense mechanisms best fit this scenario?

  Reaction Formatation
• The frontal lobe is responsible for most of our memory, thinking, and reasoning capabilities and makes us social animals.
• TRUE OR FALSE?

  The serotonin system regulates our behavior, moods, and thought processes. Low activity levels of serotonin automatically result to behaviors such as aggression, suicide, impulsive overeating, and excessive sexual behavior. False
• TRUE OR FALSE?Selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), affects dopamine system, are used to treat anxiety, mood, and eating disorders. False
• Midbrain contains part of the reticular activating system and coordinates movement with sensory output.
• TRUE OR FALSE?

  Midbrain contains part of the reticular activating system and coordinates movement with sensory output. True
• TRUE OR FALSE?

  Every neurotransmitter, over- or underactivity will not cause any serious problems. False
• TRUE OR FALSE?

  Cerebellum is responsible for movement, breathing, and sleeping depend on the ancient part of the brain, which is present in most animals. False
• The brain stem is the one responsible for movement, breathing, and sleeping depends on the ancient part of the brain whereas the cerebellum controls our motor coordination.
• Mitosis refers to the process in which a cell duplicates its chromosomes and then divides into two generically identical daughter cells
• These are the twins that will grow up who are not exactly alike, and sometimes, they might not even be in the same sex. Dizygotic twins
• What do you call a characteristic that is influenced by the action of many genes rather than a single pair?

  Polygenic inheritance
• Down syndrome would occur if an individual is said to have trisomy-21
• Amniocentesis involves the process of extracting amniotic fluid from a pregnant woman so that fetal body cells within the fluid can be tested for chromosomal abnormalities and other genetic defects
• The study of how genes and environment contribute to individual variations in development is called  behavioral genetics
• This is an idea that genotype sets limits on the range of possible phenotypes that a person might display in response to different environment. Range-of-reaction principle
• Shared environmental influence an environmental influence that people living together share that should make these individuals similar to one another?
• Canalization refers to cases where genes limit or restrict development to a small number of outcomes.