P2 LESSONS

• When an individual thinks in a systematic manner, and perhaps, thinking like a scientist, Jean Piaget would say that this individual is already in Formal Operational stage of development.
• There have been several designs of faucets these days as compared to decades ago which we only have faucets that we rotate in either clockwise or counterclockwise directions. Today, we now have something that we press up or down, motion-sensitive, and among others. Regardless of these changes, we are still able to use the faucet. This is an example of: Accommodation
• The principle out of sight, out of mind is highly likely to be observed in children/individuals who are in what stage of cognitive development?Sensorimotor
• It refers to an internal mental activity that enables children to modify and recognize their images and symbols to reach a logical conclusion. Cognitive Operation
• Which of the following is not a contribution of Jean Piaget?He distinguished the competence of children from their performance.
• Vygotsky proposed that we should consider ontogenetic, microgenetic, and phylogenetic interaction with the children’s environment in evaluating development. False
• For Vygotsky, infants are born with a few elementary mental functions which include attention, sensation, and perception. False
• The zone of proximal development is when an expert is instructing a novice, responds contingently to the behavior of the novice in a learning situation, so that novice gradually increases his or her understanding of the problem. False
• Guided participation is an adult-child interaction in which children’s cognitions and modes of thinking are shaped as they participate with or observe adults engaged in culturally relevant activities. True
• Siblings are also creators of the zone of proximal development and scaffolding. False
• The first information-processing store, in which stimuli are noticed and are briefly available for further processing Sensory store
• A transitional period of strategy development in which children use a strategy although it does not facilitate their task performances, is referred to as a Utilization deficiency.
• Recalling the telephone number of a pizza parlor is an example of Explicit Cognition
• Concerning development, fuzzy-trace theory makes specific predictions about how gist and verbatim processing change with age. What does the theory predict?Compared to older children, young children prefer to operate on the verbatim end of the trace continuum; older children and adults prefer to operate on the gist end of the trace continuum.
• This information-processing model that depicts information as flowing through three processing units (or stores)The Multistore Model
• Recalling items from the same category together in a free-recall task has been referred to as Clustering (organization)
• Ruben was telling his friend that he cannot remember anything before the age of 4. Ruben’s inability to recall events from early in his life reflects Infantile amnesia
• Memory for important experiences or events that have happened to us Autobiographical memory
• One’s knowledge about memory and memory processes.Metamemory
•  Despite the obvious strengths of the information-processing approach, it has several drawbacks that render it incomplete as an explanation of cognitive development. Which of the following reasons are considered as one of its weaknesses? Failed to provide a broad, integrative theory of children’s intelligence.
• A measure of intellectual development that reflects the level of age-graded problems a child is able to solve Mental Age
• The theoretical perspective that portrays intelligence as a trait (or set of traits) on which individuals differ. The psychometric approach
• Gardner’s theory that humans display as many as nine distinct kinds of intelligence, each linked to a particular area of the brain The theory of multiple intelligences
• Sternberg’s theory that intelligence should be considered contextually, experientially, and in terms of information-processing components The triarchic theory
• A numerical measure of infant’s performance on a developmental schedule, relative to the performance of other infants of the same age Developmental Quotient
• Jensen's term for higher-level cognitive skills that are involved in abstract reasoning and problem solving Level 2 Abilities
• The notion that groups differ in IQ because the environments in which they are raised are not equally conducive to intellectual growth Environmental hypothesis
• The notion that impoverished environments inhibit intellectual growth and that these inhibiting effects accumulate over time. Cumulative-deficit hypothesis
• Who were the participants in the Carolina Abecedarian Project, a longitudinal intervention program? Low-income infants at risk for mental retardation
• The overriding goal of Head Start compensatory preschools has been to Prepare low-income children for elementary school
• The sound system of a language and the rules for combining these sounds to produce meaningful units of speech. Phonology
• Chomsky's term for the innate knowledge of grammar that humans are said to possess knowledge that might enable young kids to infer the rules governing others' speech and to use these rules to produce language Language acquisition device (LAD)
• A learning theorist would most likely claim all of the following events as central to language acquisition except Children sift language they hear through a biological device in their brains.
• Vowel-like sounds that young infants repeat over and over during periods of contentment. Coos
• American mothers treat interactions with their infants as an opportunity to teach them about objects. This is why infants from Western cultures develop which language style? Referential Style
• An understanding that language can be used for purposes other than communicating. Metaliguistic
• One’s knowledge of the meaning of morphemes that make up words. Morphological Knowledge
• Conversing with siblings promotes effective communication because Noticing siblings' comprehension errors makes the speaker aware of the need to express ideas clearly.
• During the last phase of question asking, the child is able to ask an adult like question such as “What is mommy reading?”
• Which of the following is an example of overregularization? “I brushed my tooths.”