DYSFUNCTION

• NEURODEVELOPMENTAL TREATMENT

  • intervention addresses only one task or routine at a time and extensive training, time and effort may be required to achieve success within one task sequence and environment
  • this person might have difficulty in dealing with minor changes in the task stimuli or the environment
  • proponents of this method argue that people with cognitive impairment should be treated in the natural context in which they will function, because people with brain injury have difficulty generalizing learning
• BIOMECHANICAL

  • views the limitations in occupational performance from a biomechanical perspective, analyzing the movement required to engage in occupation
  • based on principles of physics, the force, leverage and torque required to perform a task or activity are assessed
  • the time and sequencing of these interventions are related to the acuity or chronicity of the impairment as well as to client priorities
  • one that blends attention to the client's occupational performance and to the underlying musculoskeletal factors affecting performance
• KAWA MODEL

  Unless these (universal) models are applied to a socially and culturally homogenous clientele who abide more and less in the

  same socio-cultural contexts of daily life, the practice forms that follow may exclude and even disadvantage the culturally

  diverse person with disability. Such clients may in many cases be

  compelled to adopt unfamiliar ideas, concepts and normative imperatives that resonate marginally with their own spheres of

  day-to-day experiences.
• OCCUPATIONAL ADAPTATION

  ● Imbalance between desire and

  demands.

  ● Inability to generate or produce

  an adaptive response due to

  any disruption of the

  occupational adaptation

  process
• MOHO

  • Based on inefficiency, incompetence, and helplessness
• Inefficiency : this may cause

  due to dissatisfaction with

  performance after applying

  meaningful activity.
• Incompetency : may occur due

  to major loss or limitation of

  skills. An individual may

  experience feelings of failure or

  dissatisfaction.
• Helplessness : characterized by

  a total or near total disturbance

  in occupational roles and

  performance this because of

  extreme feelings of

  ineffectiveness, anxiety,

  depression, or all three.
• LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT

  Dysfunction may occur when

  client’s growth and

  development falls below that

  expected for their age.

  ● Dysfunction can be observed

  from multiple developmental

  perspectives but most

  importantly from the client’s

  own viewpoint.

  ● Illness or trauma may cause

  regression to an earlier

  developmental stage: Down

  Syndrome, Intellectual Disability

  (ID), Failure to thrive (FTT),

  Cerebral Palsy (CP), Pervasive

  Developmental Disorder (PDD)
• COGNITIVE DISABILITY

  When there is a need to

  measure and monitor a client’s

  problem-solving ability and

  safety while performing daily

  activities.
• Cognitive Levels:

  Level 1 - Automatic Actions

  Level 2 - Postural Actions

  Level 3 - Manual Actions

  Level 4 - Goal Directed Activities

  Level 5 - Exploratory Actions /

  Independent Learning through new

  activities
• MOVEMENT CENTERED

  An impairment in the ability for

  successful adaptation

  ● A person who has an

  inadequate function for

  adaptation is one who has

  neurological or CNS deficit

  ● Mood disorders

  ● Poor social and communication

  skills

  ● Dislike of movement or need to

  increased movement

  ● Inability to sustain interest or

  attention

  ● Rigid or flexed posture

  ● Can't avoid unpleasant stimuli

  ● Poor body image

  ● Low self-esteem
• Maladaptive Behavior - self

  injurious or tantrum
• Skill deficit - a person lacks the

  ability needed to perform a task

  or unable to to meet personal

  standards in performance
• Performance Deficit - a person

  is able to perform the desired

  skill but fails to do so until a

  situation that calls for it, if fails

  to demonstrate the skill with

  necessary consistency
• Behavior Excess - behavior

  occurring at too great

  frequency, intensity, and

  duration
• PSYCHODYNAMIC

  ● The presence of neurotic

  anxiety, fixations and use of

  immature defense mechanisms.

  ● Unrealistic view of self, others

  and/or environment.

  ● Lack of accurate awareness of

  personal feelings.

  ● Choices in conflict with one's

  own values.

  ● Problem seeking and gratifying

  needs satisfactorily.