esci

• Ecosystem Services refer to the direct and indirect contributions of ecosystems to human survival and quality of life.
• Ecosystem services may be categorized as Support Services, Provisioning services, Regulating Services, and Cultural services.
• Support Services include the recycling of vital nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, minerals that are essential for survival, the decomposition of organic matter, recycling of water, and production of primary materials.
• Provisioning services provide the basic needs for survival like water, air, shelter, food, and energy.
• Regulating Services benefits obtain from regulating the climate, hazards, and diseases through the process such as carbon sequestration.
• Cultural services include non-material enrichment, cultural heritage, recreation, tourism, and the aesthetic experience that provides for human.
• Types of Solid Waste include Municipal waste, Agricultural Waste, Industrial Solid Waste, and Mining Waste.
• Municipal waste includes materials that people in a community no longer want because they are broken, spoiled, or no longer useful.
• Agricultural Waste is a common form of waste derived from farming and poultry, most of which is organic and used for soil enhancing activities.
• Industrial Solid Waste is from industrial sources other than mining, including demolition waste, scraps, and ash from combustion.
• Mining Waste is generated in three ways: in most mining operations, large amounts of rock and soil are removed to extract the valuable ores and waste materials are left outside the mining site, in milling operations, the grinding and sorting of materials produce solid waste called tailings, which are dumped and stored in ponds near the milling site, and water that is pumped from mines flows from piles of waste rock or tailings that contain hazardous materials.
• Methods of Waste Disposal include Landfill, Incineration, Mulch and compost, Composting, and Source Reduction.
• Landfill is the cheapest and most convenient method of waste disposal.
• Incineration involves burning in a controlled manner using an incinerator.
• Mulch and compost is one of the simplest methods to dispose waste at home.
• Composting is the method of allowing the natural process of decomposition to transform organic materials into humuslike materials called compost.
• Source Reduction refers to the method of designing, manufacturing, purchasing, using, and reusing materials so that the amount of waste or its toxicity is reduced.
• Recycling is the method of collecting throw away materials and turning them into useful products.
• The 5S methodology consists of SORT ( Seiri), SET IN ORDER (Seiton), SHINE (Seiso), STANDARDIZE ( Seiketsu), and SUSTAIN (Shitsuke).
• Sand dunes are some of nature’s most scintillating creations, found around the globe in different climatic conditions.
• Intact rock is held together by chemical bonds within minerals, by mineral cement, and by interlocking of grains, while a fragmented rock is held only by friction between fracture planes or by weak electrical charges between grains.
• Sand dunes are not limited to deserts, but can form in any landscape on the earth’s surface provided the conditions are right.
• Every sand dune is formed as a result of the interaction between the wind and soil in the form of sand grains.
• A dune is a mound of sand formed by the wind, usually along the beach or in a desert.
• Dunes form when wind blows sand into a sheltered area behind an obstacle.
• Dunes grow as grains of sand accumulated.
• Every dune has a windward side and a slip face.
• Weathering is the combined action of all processes that cause rock to disintegrate physically and decompose chemically because of exposure near Earth’s surface through the elements of weather such as temperature, rain, frost, fog, and ice.
• Physical weathering happens whenever rocks are broken up into smaller fragments without any chemical change in their composition.
• Examples of physical weathering include block disintegration and exfoliation.
• Frost action is one of the most important physical weathering processes in cold climates.
• Mechanical weathering is the process of breaking big rocks into little ones.
• Temperature also affects the land, causing things to expand and contract.
• Chemical weathering is a chemical change in rocks through the formation of new compounds or the formation of new substances.
• Examples of chemical weathering include oxidation, carbonation, and hydration.
• Transport is the process by which sediments are moved along from the source to where they are deposited.
• Biological Weathering refers to the changes in rocks due to the activities of plants.
• Glacier is a permanent body of ice, which consists largely of recrystallized snow and shows evidence of movement due to gravity.
• Man breaks a large amount of rocks in the coarse of his activities.
• Erosion is the separation and removal of weathered and un-weathered rocks and soil from its substrate due to gravity or transporting agents like wind, ice, or water.