Science

• Stress?

  How much force an object will experience
• Strain?

  Before force applied

  change in length
• Newton’s 3rd law?

  every action has an equal and opposite reaction
• Facing bricks are:

  used in external walls

  designed stronger

  durable and versatile
• Stress is measured in Pascals (Pa)
• Columns are generally in compression, beams are generally in tension.
• Facing bricks are used in external walls as they are durable

  
• A + B engineering bricks are used in sewers and manholes as they are frost and acid resistant

  
• Common bricks are used in internal walls, filling in gaps as they have low compressive strength

  
• Engineering bricks are used in fireplaces because they can withstand high temperatures
• Sharp sand is coarse sand with large grains and is used for concrete and flooring slabs
• Building sand is fine sand
• Silver sand is very fine silica sand and is used for grouts in joints between floor tiles
• Cement is a paste made from limestone, clay, and sand
• Aggregates are natural and broken stones used in concrete to give basic compressive strength
• Mortar is a adhesive and gap filling compound used with brick and block work
• Lime mortar is used for repairs and restorations

  cement mortar is used as a filler
• Concrete manufacture- soft and malleable. Mix of fine + coarse aggregates, cement and water
• Pre-stressed concrete

  • created by steel for the prestressed
  • concrete blocks pressed into shape leads to increased density
  • precast concrete - off-site construction, precise testing
• Insulated concrete blocks are made of concrete and have a foam core.

  • higher density
• Plasterboard is an internal finish covering the walls and ceiling of a building. has different goes such as

  • fire resistant
  • Acoustic
  • thermal
• Insulation material

  • Fibre glass wool - molten glass fibres in lofts
  • polystyrene - foam in walls, floors
  • celotex - resin foam in walls, floors
  • Mineral wool - rock fibres
  • straw bales - load bearing construction
  • Polyurethane- sprayed on
• Tempered glass is a type of glass that has been heated and cooled repeatedly to make it stronger. Used in interior doors for safety reasons
• Obscure glass - A type of glass that is opaque and has a low light transmission.

  • used in bathrooms
• Smart glass changes from clear to obscure and is used in meeting rooms
• Construction plastics are now generally used due to low compression strength and low tensile strength
• Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) can be coloured and is durable
• Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (uPVC) is a thermoplastic used for pipes, gutters and window frames

  • light weight and strong
• Softwood has low density
• Hardwood has a higher density meaning it’s more durable
• Engineered timber lowers the use of raw materials and provides consistent quality
• Floor joists are horizontal structural members that span an open space, often between beams, which subsequently transfer the load to vertical structural members. These joists, part of the floor system, carry the weight of live and dead loads

  
• Plywood - thin layers of wood glued together

  • High tensile strength
• Roof coverings prevents against water entering the building and also prevents the building damage and any degradation
• Slates are sedimentary rocks that are water resistant
• Concrete tiles are cheap and traditional
• Pantiles are the s-shaped tiles that interlock
• Fired clay tiles are also traditional and more sustainable
• Roofing felt is polyester with pitch + additives
• Thatch is a good insulator with a long life span